Sonochemiluminescence Using Apertureless USB Piezoelectric Ultrasonic Transducer and Its Applications for the Detection of Hydrogen Peroxide, Glucose, and Glucose Oxidase Activity

Abstract

The mesh-type USB piezoelectric ultrasonic transducer (USB-PUT) used in household humidifiers and inhalation therapy devices is very cheap, small, and energy saving. It holds great promise for sonochemistry. However, the microtapered apertures in the center of the stainless steel substrate of mesh-type USB-PUT can lead to rapid atomization of solution, leakage of solutions containing surfactants and organic solvent through the apertures, and high background emission. Herein, we design a new type of USB-PUT by replacing the meshed stainless steel substrate with an apertureless stainless steel substrate. We have found that this apertureless USB-PUT can not only induce intense sonochemiluminescence (SCL) but can also enable sensitive luminol SCL detection of hydrogen peroxide which is practically impossible using mesh-type PUT because of the strong background SCL emission. By using this apertureless device to induce SCL and using smart phone as a detector, a visual hydrogen peroxide SCL detection method with a linear range of 0.5−50 μM and a detection limit of 0.32 μM is established. Moreover, the device can achieve the detection of glucose oxidase (GOD) activity and glucose by enzymatic conversion of glucose to hydrogen peroxide. The linear range of GOD detection is 1−200U/L with a detection limit of 0.86 U/L. The linear range of glucose detection is 0.5−70 μM with a detection limit of 0.43 μM. The cheap (a few dollars) and user-friendly apertureless USB-PUT is promising for sonochemistry applications and chemical education.

High-Efficiency Miniaturized Ultrasonic Nebulization Sample Introduction System for Elemental Analysis of Microvolume Biological Samples by Inductively Coupled Plasma Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry

“…However, it was operated with a power of 45–50 W, and its coupling with ICP-QMS for sample analysis has not been reported . Recently, low-frequency and miniaturized ultrasonic nebulization (MUN) has received increasing attention and achieved extensive applications. , Notably, MUN is an ultra-cheap (less than $1) and readily available device compared to other expensive sample introduction systems and has been used as an efficient sample introduction unit for a soft ionization source , and microplasma excitation source . In addition, it is also used in the sample preparation of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) because of the uniform and smaller aerosol-particle production capability and the elimination of the carrier gas .…”

A Green-Emitting Luminol Analogue as the Next-Generation Chemiluminescent Substrate in Biochemical Analysis

“…Phthalhydrazide derivatives provide a series of chemiluminescence (CL) substances for bioimaging and biochemical analysis. Among all, luminol (3-aminophthalhydrazide) is the best-known and most widely used chemiluminogenic small molecule due to its easy preparation and relatively stronger luminescence. − In forensic science, for example, luminol reagents are often used to identify and image bloodstains over other colored substances. − In addition, luminol is extensively used in enzymatic chemiluminescence immunoassay (CLIA) by serving as a CL substrate to horseradish peroxidase (HRP). − Nevertheless, the application of luminol is still suffering from some drawbacks, such as short emission wavelength, low quantum yield, and poor structural tunability. Previous studies have found that the heterocycle has limited tolerance to chemical modification, for instance, alkylation on the heterocycle ring can suppress CL completely .…”

Advances in applications of piezoelectronic electrons in cell regulation and tissue regeneration

“…37 Piezoelectric semiconductors with wurtzite structures possess the properties of piezoelectricity and semiconducting simultaneously, and are very useful in making piezotronic transistors, in which the electronic transport is controlled by inner-crystal potential. [38][39][40] Based on piezoelectronics, devices such as mechanical sensors, 41,42 ultrasonic transducers, 43,44 energy harvesters, [45][46][47] robots and actuators [48][49][50] have been widely applied in bioelectronics and biomedical fields recently. The effect of piezoelectronic electrons from piezoelectric materials on cells and tissues is similar to that of bioelectricity and an external EF.…”