Sonochemically fabricated microelectrode arrays for biosensors offering widespread applicability: Part I

Abstract

A novel and patented procedure is described for the sonochemical fabrication of a new class of microelectrode array based sensor with electrode element populations of up to 2 x 10(5) cm(-2). For some years it has been accepted that microelectrode arrays offer an attractive route for lowering minimum limits of detection and imparting stir (convectional mass transport) independence to sensor responses; despite this no commercial biosensors, to date, have employed microelectrode arrays, largely due to the cost of conventional fabrication routes that have not proved commercially viable for disposable devices. Biosensors formed by our sonochemical approach offer unrivalled sensitivity and impart stir independence to sensor responses. This format lends itself for mass fabrication due to the simplicity and inexpensiveness of the approach; in the first instance impedimetric and amperometric sensors are reported for glucose as model systems. Sensors already developed for ethanol, oxalate and a number of pesticide determinations will be reported in subsequent publications.

Sonochemically fabricated microelectrode arrays for biosensors—part II

“…The deposition of microarrays of polyaniline in sonochemically ablated polydiaminobenzene films has been described in detail elsewhere (Barton et al, 2004) and will only be described here briefly. Polydiaminobenzene was deposited from aqueous solution onto the electrodes and sonicated for 20 s. Polyaniline was grown electrochemically from a solution containing GOD, which led to the enzyme being entrapped in the polymer film.…”

“…the oxidases and dehydrogenases) within conducting polymers such as polyaniline or polypyrrole for use within sensors (Foulds andLowe, 1986, Shaolin et al, 1992). In our previous paper (Barton et al, 2004) we described a technique that allows the co-deposition of glucose oxidase within the conducting polymer, polyaniline, at conducting microelectrode cavities to form "mushroom" shaped microelectrode protrusions.…”

“…We have previously described a novel sonochemical fabrication approach (Barton et al, 2004) for the production of microelectrodes, that lends itself to the mass production of sensor arrays. These microelectrode arrays were used to entrap glucose oxidase and then used in the detection of glucose.…”

Green synthesis and antibacterial evaluation of some 2-pyrazoline derivatives

“…[21], [22] Further, these waves prove to be important in synthetic organic chemistry [23], [25] by lowering the reaction temperature and reaction time [26]. In addition to the field of organic chemistry, sonochemistry has also been used in the preparation of micro and Nanomaterials, i.e., protein microspheres [27].…”

Development of polyaniline microarray electrodes for cadmium analysis

“…Since microarrays represent a large number of active discs, when the target analyte is in an analytically challenging medium such as an effluent containing surface passivating media, even though some microdiscs on the array become electrochemically inactive, the sensitivity is not severely affected due to the still high overall number of active discs. These microelectrode arrays can be produced using different methods (Štulík et al, 2000) such as photolithography (Feeney & Kounaves, 2000;Orozco et al, 2010), sonochemical ablation of thin polymer films (Barton et al, 2004;Cugnet et al, 2009;Myler et al, 2004Myler et al, , 2005Pritchard et al, 2004), or microdiscs in epoxy resin (Fletcher & Horne, 1999).…”