Sonochemical production of nanoscaled crystalline cellulose using organic acids

Abstract

<p>The present work deals with the production of cellulose nanoparticles through sonochemistry in various organic acidic media.</p>

Emerging green routes to nanocellulose

“…In brief, the highly efficient HC creates cavitation bubbles which fibrillate and promote decrystallization of the citrus peel microcrystalline cellulose fibers. The effect is intensified by the presence of the residual citric acid that is relatively abundant in the wet CPW used as a cellulose source, such as in the case of AC applied to microcystalline cellulose in the presence of 0.2 mol L −1 citric acid 45 …”

“…The effect is intensified by the presence of the residual citric acid that is relatively abundant in the wet CPW used as a cellulose source, such as in the case of AC applied to microcystalline cellulose in the presence of 0.2 mol L −1 citric acid. 45…”

Emerging green routes to nanocellulose

“…The effect is intensified by the presence of the residual citric acid relatively abundant in the wet CPW used as biological source of nanocellulose, as it happens when acoustic cavitation is applied to microcystalline cellulose in the presence of 0.2 M citric acid. 47…”

Potential of Anacardic Acid for Nanosized Cellulose Preparation Under Different Treatment Conditions

“…Robles's group described the ultrasonic-assisted hydrolysis of cellulose using citric, oxalic, and maleic acids. Though the yields of the prepared nanosized cellulose were poor to moderate (20 to 40%), the thermal stabilities were better than those obtained using sulfuric acid [11]. Holilah and coworkers observed that the yields, particles sizes, and crystallinities of the nanosized cellulose they prepared using organic acids (acetic, citric, and oxalic) were higher than that prepared using inorganic acids (hydrochloric, sulphuric, and phosphoric) [12].…”