Sonication induced transesterification of castor oil into biodiesel in the presence of MgO/CaO nanorods as a novel basic catalyst: Characterization and optimization
“…The calculated crystallite sizes of MgO and CaO according to Scherrer equation are 16.4 nm and 22.3 nm, respectively. Figure 1 The XRD patterns of diatomite substrate and the synthetic MgO/CaO NRs ( A ), the FT-IR spectra of diatomite substrate, diatomite loaded by MgO/CaO and the synthetic MgO/CaO NRs ( B ), the nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherm curve of MgO/CaO NRs ( C ), the pore size distribution of MgO/CaO NRs ( D ), the UV–Vis spectra of CaO NRs and MgO/CaO NRs ( E ), and the estimated band gap energies of CaO NRs and MgO/CaO NRs ( F ) 17 . …”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The MgO/CaO rods ranged in length from about 200 nm to about 450 nm and ranged in diameter from about 20 nm to about 50 nm. Figure 2 SEM image of diatomite substrate ( A ), SEM images of diatomite substrate with grown MgO/CaO nano-rods ( B , C ), SEM images of MgO/CaO nanorods after removing the substrate ( D ), and HRTEM images of the synthetic MgO/CaO nanorods ( E , F ) 17 . …”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“… SEM image of diatomite substrate ( A ), SEM images of diatomite substrate with grown MgO/CaO nano-rods ( B , C ), SEM images of MgO/CaO nanorods after removing the substrate ( D ), and HRTEM images of the synthetic MgO/CaO nanorods ( E , F ) 17 . …”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Also, magnesium oxide (MgO) was studied widely as one of the best applied adsorptive materials in the removal of several species of toxic contaminants 16 . It was reported that the incorporation of magnesium oxide in hybrid composite with other oxides can improve the chemical reactivity of the product 17 . Thus, the integration between CaO and MgO in a hybrid composite can result in a superior product of effective adsorption activity.…”
Novel MgO/CaO nanocomposite (MgO/CaO NRs) was synthesized by the hydrothermal method using diatomite porous frustules as a substrate under the microwave irradiation. The composite appeared as well crystalline rod-like nanoparticles with 52.3 nm as average particle size and 112.8 m2/g as BET surface area. The synthetic MgO/CaO NRs were addressed as a novel adsorbent for promising removal of levofloxacin (LVX) as pharmaceutical residuals. The adsorption studies revealed effective uptake of levofloxacin by MgO/CaO NRs with theoretical qmax of 106.7 mg/g and the equilibrium time of 720 min considering the best pH value (pH 7). The equilibrium studies highly fitted with the Langmuir model of monolayer adsorption considering the values of Chi-squared (χ2) and determination coefficient. The estimated adsorption energy from Dubinin–Radushkevich (0.2 kJ/mol) signifies physisorption mechanisms that might be coulombic attractive forces considering the kinetic studies. The thermodynamic addressing for the reactions verified their spontaneous and exothermic nature within a temperature range from 303 to 333 K. Additionally, the prepared MgO/CaO NRs show significant recyclability properties to be used in realistic remediation process and its uptake capacity is higher than several studied adsorbents in literature.
“…The calculated crystallite sizes of MgO and CaO according to Scherrer equation are 16.4 nm and 22.3 nm, respectively. Figure 1 The XRD patterns of diatomite substrate and the synthetic MgO/CaO NRs ( A ), the FT-IR spectra of diatomite substrate, diatomite loaded by MgO/CaO and the synthetic MgO/CaO NRs ( B ), the nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherm curve of MgO/CaO NRs ( C ), the pore size distribution of MgO/CaO NRs ( D ), the UV–Vis spectra of CaO NRs and MgO/CaO NRs ( E ), and the estimated band gap energies of CaO NRs and MgO/CaO NRs ( F ) 17 . …”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The MgO/CaO rods ranged in length from about 200 nm to about 450 nm and ranged in diameter from about 20 nm to about 50 nm. Figure 2 SEM image of diatomite substrate ( A ), SEM images of diatomite substrate with grown MgO/CaO nano-rods ( B , C ), SEM images of MgO/CaO nanorods after removing the substrate ( D ), and HRTEM images of the synthetic MgO/CaO nanorods ( E , F ) 17 . …”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“… SEM image of diatomite substrate ( A ), SEM images of diatomite substrate with grown MgO/CaO nano-rods ( B , C ), SEM images of MgO/CaO nanorods after removing the substrate ( D ), and HRTEM images of the synthetic MgO/CaO nanorods ( E , F ) 17 . …”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Also, magnesium oxide (MgO) was studied widely as one of the best applied adsorptive materials in the removal of several species of toxic contaminants 16 . It was reported that the incorporation of magnesium oxide in hybrid composite with other oxides can improve the chemical reactivity of the product 17 . Thus, the integration between CaO and MgO in a hybrid composite can result in a superior product of effective adsorption activity.…”
Novel MgO/CaO nanocomposite (MgO/CaO NRs) was synthesized by the hydrothermal method using diatomite porous frustules as a substrate under the microwave irradiation. The composite appeared as well crystalline rod-like nanoparticles with 52.3 nm as average particle size and 112.8 m2/g as BET surface area. The synthetic MgO/CaO NRs were addressed as a novel adsorbent for promising removal of levofloxacin (LVX) as pharmaceutical residuals. The adsorption studies revealed effective uptake of levofloxacin by MgO/CaO NRs with theoretical qmax of 106.7 mg/g and the equilibrium time of 720 min considering the best pH value (pH 7). The equilibrium studies highly fitted with the Langmuir model of monolayer adsorption considering the values of Chi-squared (χ2) and determination coefficient. The estimated adsorption energy from Dubinin–Radushkevich (0.2 kJ/mol) signifies physisorption mechanisms that might be coulombic attractive forces considering the kinetic studies. The thermodynamic addressing for the reactions verified their spontaneous and exothermic nature within a temperature range from 303 to 333 K. Additionally, the prepared MgO/CaO NRs show significant recyclability properties to be used in realistic remediation process and its uptake capacity is higher than several studied adsorbents in literature.
“… 12 , 13 Pongamia oil, mahua oil, castor oil, linseed oil, and jatropha oil are commonly assessed nonedible oils in the production of biodiesel. 3 , 7 , 13 , 14 From the previously reported nonedible oils, castor oil was investigated extensively for its low cost, high oil content, and the wide distribution of its plants in the different agricultural environments and countries in the world. 13 , 14 …”
A CaO/clinoptilolite green nanocomposite (CaO/ Clino) was synthesized by a green modification technique using calcium nitrate and green tea extract. The CaO/Clino nanocomposite promises a total basicity of 4.82 mmol OH/g, surface area of 252.4 m 2 /g, and ion exchange capacity of 134.3 mequiv/ 100 g, which qualifies the product as an effective catalyst in the transesterification of castor oil. The transesterification performance of the CaO/Clino catalyst was addressed statistically based on the response surface methodology and central composite rotatable design, considering the essential experimental parameters. Based on the interaction effect between the studied variables, the CaO/ Clino catalyst can achieve an experimental biodiesel yield of 93.8% after 2.5 h at 120 °C with 3.5 wt % catalyst loading and 15:1 ethanol/castor oil molar ratio. The optimization function of the design suggested enhancement in the performance of the CaO/Clino catalyst to achieve a yield of 95.4% if the test time interval increased to 2.65 h and the ethanol content increased to 16:1 as a molar ratio to castor oil. The produced biodiesel over CaO/ClinO has acceptable technical qualifications according to the international requirements (EN 14214 and ASTM D-6751). The synthetic green CaO/Clino nanocomposite has better recyclability as a heterogeneous catalyst and higher activity than some investigated catalysts in literature.
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