Some theoretical and practical implications of defining aptitude and reasoning in terms of each other

Goodie, Adam S.; Williams, Cristina C.

doi:10.1017/s0140525x0033343x

Cited by 15 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…Second, theoretical perspectives argue that monogamy and/or relationship investment are valued in harsh environments, such as those where resources are scarce in relative or absolute terms (see, e.g. 24,25 , for discussion), and the pair bonding hypothesis 14 proposes that kissing plays an important role in how couples maintain and monitor the quality of a committed romantic relationship. Thus, we test the pair bonding hypothesis by examining whether individuals from countries of low absolute and relative wealth (i.e.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

National income inequality predicts cultural variation in mouth to mouth kissing

Watkins

Leongoméz

Bovet

et al. 2019

Sci Rep

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Romantic mouth-to-mouth kissing is culturally widespread, although not a human universal, and may play a functional role in assessing partner health and maintaining long-term pair bonds. Use and appreciation of kissing may therefore vary according to whether the environment places a premium on good health and partner investment. Here, we test for cultural variation (13 countries from six continents) in these behaviours/attitudes according to national health (historical pathogen prevalence) and both absolute (GDP) and relative wealth (GINI). Our data reveal that kissing is valued more in established relationships than it is valued during courtship. Also, consistent with the pair bonding hypothesis of the function of romantic kissing, relative poverty (income inequality) predicts frequency of kissing across romantic relationships. When aggregated, the predicted relationship between income inequality and kissing frequency ( r = 0.67, BCa 95% CI[0.32,0.89]) was over five times the size of the null correlations between income inequality and frequency of hugging/cuddling and sex. As social complexity requires monitoring resource competition among large groups and predicts kissing prevalence in remote societies, this gesture may be important in the maintenance of long-term pair bonds in specific environments.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

National income inequality predicts cultural variation in mouth to mouth kissing

Watkins

Leongoméz

Bovet

et al. 2019

Sci Rep

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“…They show that performance on the SAT, claimed to be a measure of cognitive ability, correlates with what is traditionally taken to be correct responding on those tasks (cf. Goodie & Williams, 2000). They argue that this correlation vindicates the traditional standards of correctness, since “more reflective, engaged, and intelligent reasoners are more likely to respond in accord with normative principles” (Stanovich & West, 2000, p. 652).…”

Section: Philosophical Implications Of Cognitive Variationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive Variation: The Philosophical Landscape

Ward

2022

Philosophy Compass

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We do not all make choices, reason, interpret our experience, or respond to our environment in the same way. A recent surge of scientific interest has thrust these individual differences into the spotlight: researchers in cognitive psychology and neuroscience are now devoting increasing attention to cognitive variation. The philosophical dimensions of this research, however, have yet to be systematically explored. Here I make an initial foray by considering how cognitive variation is characterized. I present a central dilemma facing descriptions of individual differences, discuss several distinctions used to categorize variation, and show that these distinctions require further elaboration. Finally, by canvassing several philosophical topics for which the characterization of cognitive variation may have significant implications, I argue that philosophers should take note of how and why our minds differ.

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Priming concerns about pathogen threat versus resource scarcity: dissociable effects on women’s perceptions of men’s attractiveness and dominance

Watkins

DeBruine

Little

et al. 2012

Behav Ecol Sociobiol

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Previous experimental work suggests flexibility in women's mate preferences that appears to reflect the advantages of choosing healthy mates under conditions of pathogen threat and of choosing prosocial mates under conditions of resource scarcity. Following this work, we used an established priming paradigm to examine the effects of priming women's concerns about pathogen threat versus resource scarcity on their judgments of men's facial attractiveness and dominance. We found that women reported stronger attraction to masculine men when their concerns about pathogens were activated than when their concerns about resource scarcity were activated. In contrast, we found that women were more likely to ascribe high dominance to masculine men when their concerns about resource scarcity were activated than when their concerns about pathogens were activated. This latter result may reflect the greater importance of identifying men who pose a substantial threat to women's resources and personal safety when resources are scarce and violence towards women is particularly common. Together, these findings suggest a double dissociation between the effects of pathogen threat and resource scarcity on women's perceptions of the attractiveness and dominance of masculine men, potentially revealing considerably greater specialization (i.e., context-specificity) in the effects of environmental threats on women's perceptions of men than was apparent in previous research.

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Some theoretical and practical implications of defining aptitude and reasoning in terms of each other

Cited by 15 publications

References 0 publications

National income inequality predicts cultural variation in mouth to mouth kissing

National income inequality predicts cultural variation in mouth to mouth kissing

Cognitive Variation: The Philosophical Landscape

Priming concerns about pathogen threat versus resource scarcity: dissociable effects on women’s perceptions of men’s attractiveness and dominance

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