Some Survivors of the Armada in Ireland

Abstract

Of the great fleet of 130 sail that left Corunna for England on July 12, 1588, 65 vessels, exactly one-half, perished. At least 32 of these foundered with all hands in the wild gales of the North Atlantic, where, when, and how will now never be revealed. Of the remaining 33, two were lost on the Hebrides, but no particulars are known, two were disabled and abandoned in the Channel, five were subsequently lost on the coast of France, two were crippled in the fighting in the North Sea and drifted on to the Dutch coast, one was lost at Bigbury Bay, Devon, and two perished on their return to Spain. Full particulars of all these ships except those lost on the Hebrides are known. The remaining 19 vessels were wrecked off the Orkneys and the rugged coast of Ireland. At what places and under what circumstances most of them perished has never yet been satisfactorily established. This is not surprising, for several reasons. It will be seen that most of the places mentioned in the Irish State Papers as the scenes of wrecks are not identifiable on modern maps, not only the names of villages but the names and divisions of districts and counties having been greatly changed. It will be seen, also, that the somewhat meagre reports sent by the Lord Deputy Fitzwilliam, and the Presidents of the provinces, are vague as to the localities of the wrecks, and in nearly every case are silent as to the names of the ships.

The catalytic cycle of cytochrome P-450scc and intermediates in the conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone

“…Mason et al [28] propose that calcium ions and certain basic proteins and peptides alter the lipid phase separation of mitochondria1 membrane, resulting in displacement of cholesterol to a site nearer the cholesterol desmolase enzyme system. A similar mechanism could operate in the calcium ion stimu-lation of the rate of cholesterol association with partially purified cytochrome P-45Oscc, as the preparation has trace phospholipid as contaminant [32,33]. Masonet al [26] propose that sterols with non-polar alkyl side chains like cholesterol approach the active site of the sterol desmolase in intact mitochondria in ii different manner to sterols with polar side chains.…”

“…The dctcction 01' intermediates during the side-chain cleavage of cholesterol to pregnenolonc was described. The method was based on the fact that cytochrome P-45Oscc as prepared is depleted of substrate cholesterol [32]; this allows readdition of cholesterol of known specific radioactivity. Cytochrome P-45Oscc is a one-elcctron acceptor, and the first electron can P-450,,, [22, 231. be introduced from a non-specific donor such as sodium dithionite.…”