Some Principles Governing Changes in the Apparent Lightness of Test Surfaces Isolated from Their Normal Backgrounds

Newson, L. John

doi:10.1080/17470215808416260

Cited by 25 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 4 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…It is not at all certain that this result would be obtained. Although the induction effect in the present study was approximately a linear function of perceived displacement, there is evidence (Newson, 1958) that this does not apply throughout the range of fronto-parallel displacement. Other aspects of the above hypothesis also require examination.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 65%

“…The reason for presenting the large disc alone before presenting the two discs simultaneously in each condition of separation was to determine that no residual effect upon the large disc remained from the previous stimulus presentation. Newson (1958) had found, for example, that following an induction effect the test object did not always return immediately to its previous value. Fractions of units on the whiteness scale were used by 0 when necessary and the whiteness reports throughout the study were made only with respect to the large disc.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Depth adjacency in simultaneous contrast

Gogel

Mershon

1969

Perception & Psychophysics

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Adjacency is an important variable in the perception of object characteristics. The significance of this factor is expressed in the adjacency principle (Gogel, 1965b) which states that the effectiveness of cues between objects in determining perceived object characteristics is inversely related to the relative separation of the objects. The adjacency principle has been demonstrated to apply to the perception of depth from binocular disparity or size cues (Gogel, 1963(Gogel, , 1965b(Gogel, , 1967 but it also can be applied to other perceived characteristics such as the perceived whiteness of objects. For objects in the same Ironto-parallel plane, the magnitude of the whiteness contrast between a test and induction object is inversely related to the separation between the objects (Freeman, 1967). However, adjacency can occur in depth as well as in a fronto-parallel plane, and it has been demonstrated that the former as welI as the latter type of adjacency can be important in determining perceived characteristics (Gogel, 1963). The purpose of the present study is to explore the possibility that depth adjacency is a significant factor in the determination of simultaneous whiteness contrast.If a large black disc is presented under strong iIlumination in an otherwise totalIy dark visual field, the disc wiII appear to be white or whitish-grey. If a smalI white disc with a luminance much greater than that of the large disc is placed on the large disc, the large disc will decrease sharply in perceived whiteness. This decrease in perceived whiteness is known as the Gelb effect. Stewart (1959) has shown that, contrary to what had been previously assumed, the Gelb effect can be explained as a contrast phenomenon since it follows the general laws of contrast. The size and location of the small disc on the large disc predictably modifies the apparent whiteness of the large disc. In the present study the Gelb effect was measured with different apparent separations in depth between the large and small disc. It is expected, if depth adjacency is an important factor in whiteness contrast, that increasing the apparent depth separation between the two discs wiII decrease the darkening effect that the small disc has upon the perceived whiteness of the larger disc.A change in Ironto-parallel separation involves a change in relative retinal position. A change in only radial depth, however, produces little change in the relative positions of objects on the retina even though binocular observation is used. It follows that, if a change in radial depth position alone is found to be significant in this study, factors other than relative retinal location must be involved in simultaneous whiteness contrast, i.e., the contrast phenomenon is not determined solely at the retinal level of organization. Furthermore, if it can be demonstrated that the significance of the depth dimension for the induction effect is independent of the particular depth cues used in registering the depth dimension, it is likely that the important factor in the adjacen...

show abstract

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 65%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Depth adjacency in simultaneous contrast

Gogel

Mershon

1969

Perception & Psychophysics

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Also, the radially compact arrangement decreases the distance between different levels of gray patches, thereby inducing stronger lateral inhibition. The dependence of the distance between an inducer and test surfaces has been observed in lightness (Newson, 1958) and brightness experiments (Cole & Diamond, 1971;Fry & Alpern, 1953;Leibowitz et al, 1953), where the darker test surface became lighter with increasing distance from the inducer, an effect interpreted to be due to surround inhibition. Again the BHLA W process anchors the perception of white.…”

Section: Simultaneous Contrastmentioning

confidence: 90%

A neuromorphic model for achromatic and chromatic surface representation of natural images

Hong

Grossberg

2004

Neural Networks

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…A systematic study of several variables was performed by Newson (1958). Experiments resembling those of Gelb (1932) and Wallach (1948) showed that an area of low luminance can be seen as light gray or white when it is seen in a much darker surround, but would become a dark gray when a much higher luminance is introduced.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Newson's (1958) experiments are valuable because the dependent variable in each case was the subject's selection from a Munsell chart of the shade of gray that matched the target's apparent color. Other studies (e.g., Leibowitz, Mote, & Thurlow, 1953, for separation;Cole & Diamond, 1971, for separation and for area of surround) have used brightness-matching techniques, which do not isolate the subject's perception of color.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of area, separation, and dichoptic presentation on the perception of achromatic color

Whipple

Wallach

Marshall

1988

Perception & Psychophysics

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In a center-surround arrangement of two luminances, luminance ratio, area of the surrounding higher luminances, and separation of the two luminances were varied. Decreasing the area of the surrounding luminance caused the achromatic color in the center to be lighter, and a similar but smaller effect was caused by increasing separation up to approximately 30' of visual angle; increasing separation beyond 30' did not lighten the color further. At higher luminance ratios, which resulted in darker colors, the effect of decreasing the area of the surround became more pronounced. Dichoptic presentation ofthe surround and center luminances resulted in perception of achromatic colors in the center that depended on luminance ratios, in a manner similar to perception of binocularly presented luminances. Dichoptically produced colors were somewhat lighter than those that resulted when center and surround were given to each eye.

show abstract

Some Principles Governing Changes in the Apparent Lightness of Test Surfaces Isolated from Their Normal Backgrounds

Cited by 25 publications

References 4 publications

Depth adjacency in simultaneous contrast

Depth adjacency in simultaneous contrast

A neuromorphic model for achromatic and chromatic surface representation of natural images

The effect of area, separation, and dichoptic presentation on the perception of achromatic color

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About