“…Once those objectives have been defined, instructional needs will prescribe a more definite time requirement. There is no doubt, however, that a considerable increase in the length of professional studies is essential (Cremin, 1977;Dejnozka, 1978;Howsam, 1980;Roles, 1980;Scannell, 1981). A review of the literature by Joyce and Showers (1980) revealed that, in order to be effective, training should include theory, demonstration, practice, feedback, and application.…”