Some Observations of Water Contents in Hurricanes

Ackerman, Bernice

doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1963)020<0288:soowci>2.0.co;2

Cited by 19 publications

(9 citation statements)

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“…Inasmuch as the slopes of these surfaces from the vertical (i.e., the ratio of the vertical shear to the vorticity) can exceed three to one, precipitation falls out of the inclined updrafts even more readily than the low updraft velocities alone would indicate. The foregoing view is consistent with earlier observations of liquid water concentrations that were a small fraction of the value to be expected from undiluted, adiabatic ascent without fallout (Ackerman, 1963).…”

Section: A Cloud Physicssupporting

confidence: 91%

Project STORMFURY: A Scientific Chronicle 1962–1983

Willoughby¹,

Jorgensen²,

Black³

et al. 1985

Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc.

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Between 1962 and 1983, research in hurricane modification centered on an ambitious experimental program, Project STORMFURY. The proposed modification technique involved artificial stimulation of convection outside the eye wall through seeding with silver iodide. The artificially invigorated convection, it was argued, would compete with the convection in the original eye wall, lead to reformation of the eye wall at larger radius, and thus produce a decrease in the maximum wind. Since a hurricane's destructive potential increases rapidly as its maximum wind becomes stronger, a reduction as small as 10% would have been worthwhile. Modification was attempted in four hurricanes on eight different days. On four of these days, the winds decreased by between 10 and 30%. The lack of response on the other days was interpreted to be the result of faulty execution of the experiment or poorly selected subjects. These promising results have, however, come into question because recent observations of unmodified hurricanes indicate: 1) that cloud seeding has little prospect of success because hurricanes contain too much natural ice and too little supercooled water, and 2) that the positive results inferred from the seeding experiments in the 1960s probably stemmed from inability to discriminate between the expected effect of human intervention and the natural behavior of hurricanes.

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Section: A Cloud Physicssupporting

confidence: 91%

Project STORMFURY: A Scientific Chronicle 1962–1983

Willoughby¹,

Jorgensen²,

Black³

et al. 1985

Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc.

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“…10) all have large end tails that extend to (and in some cases beyond) the extreme right of the scale, whereas for the storms without such samples, the cumulative LWC probability reaches ;100% at ;5 g m 23 , well below the adiabatic value of ;20 g m 23 obtained from lifting a parcel from a cloud base temperature at 258C. This has been noted before with hurricane convection (e.g., Ackerman 1963;Black et al 1996) but not in conjunction with probability distributions of optical array probe data. Again, the recent data (Fig.…”

Section: December 2012mentioning

confidence: 69%

Rain Rate and Water Content in Hurricanes Compared with Summer Rain in Miami, Florida

Black

Hallett

2012

Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology

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Liquid water content (g m 23 ), precipitation rate (mm h 21 ), and radar reflectivity (dBZ) are inferred from cross sections of particle images obtained by aircraft. Each dataset is presented in a probability format to display changing functional relationships for the selected intervals. The probability of intercepting a given quantity during a flight provides guidance in required instrument sensitivity together with the frequency of precipitation and liquid water content events for given rainfall totals. These data are compared with surface rain rate obtained over two years in the May-October warm seasons in Miami, Florida, with a Hotplate rain gauge. The warm season Miami surface rain-rate probability distribution is similar to the 2005 hurricane rain-rate distribution. Rain rates . ;120 mm h 21 were responsible for over one-half of the accumulation, even though lighter rain dominated by time. Hurricane rainfall is somewhat more intense than the normal surface convective rainfall in that 10% of the 1977-2001 (old) hurricane rain rates exceeded 20 mm h 21 , whereas only 10% of the surface rain rates exceeded only ;10 mm h 21 . The shape of the rain-rate probability distributions from the 2005 (recent) hurricane data was nearly identical to the probability distribution of rain rates in the Miami data. The radar reflectivity distributions were similar, whose 90% level was about 45 dBZ for the old storms and about 35 dBZ for the 2005 storms. These data clearly show the low bias of the 2005 hurricane data caused by the systematic avoidance of heavy precipitation.

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“…The ranges of parameters observed by CPR are reasonably consistent with in situ observations, although the CloudSat retrievals could be affected by attenuation from large ice particles, especially within the eyewall. The observations just above the melting level (6 km altitude) reported in [12] show ice water contents of 1 -4 g/m 3 and ice particle concentrations of 40 -350 per L. Based on measurements of water content in hurricane eyewalls [13], Merritt and Wexler [7] estimate ice contents of up to 4 g/m 3 in cirrus canopies near the eyewall, dropping to 1 g/m 3 toward the outer edge. Heymsfield et al [14] report particle concentrations up to 400 per L and water contents up to 1.7 g/m 3 , with large variability.…”

Section: Composite Cloud Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 97%

CloudSat and A-Train Observations of Tropical Cyclones

Durden¹,

Tanelli²,

Dobrowalski³

2009

TOASCJ

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Abstract:The CloudSat 94-GHz Cloud Profiling Radar was designed to provide global information on the vertical structure of clouds. It was launched in April 2006, joining the A-Train of earth science satellites. Although primarily focused on clouds and climate, the CloudSat radar also provides a unique view of the vertical structure of clouds in tropical cyclones. The authors use data from CloudSat and other A-Train satellite constellation missions to examine tropical cyclone cloud properties. They consider several case studies and then examine cloud statistics based on seventeen tropical cyclone overpasses. In addition to the new qualitative view of cloud structure provided by CloudSat, the CloudSat and other ATrain products also contain quantitative estimates of cloud properties. Although the accuracy of these products in tropical cyclones is not validated by direct comparison, the authors do find reasonable agreement with previous in situ measurements.

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Some Observations of Water Contents in Hurricanes

Cited by 19 publications

References 0 publications

Project STORMFURY: A Scientific Chronicle 1962–1983

Project STORMFURY: A Scientific Chronicle 1962–1983

Rain Rate and Water Content in Hurricanes Compared with Summer Rain in Miami, Florida

CloudSat and A-Train Observations of Tropical Cyclones

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