Some Key Issues of Vacuum System Design in Accelerators and Colliders

Abstract

As we all know, vacuum system is the essential part for the accelerators and colliders, which provide the vacuum environment to minimize beam-gas interactions and maintain normal operation of the beams. With the proposals of future accelerators and colliders, such as Future Circular Collider (FCC), Super Proton-Proton Collider (SPPC), and International Linear Collider (ILC), it is time to review and focus on the key technologies involved in the optimization designs of the vacuum system of various kinds of accelerators and colliders. High vacuum gradient and electron cloud are the key issues for the vacuum system design of high-energy accelerators and colliders. This chapter gives a brief overview of these two key issues of vacuum system design and operations in high-energy, highintensity, and high-luminosity accelerators and collider. Keywords: vacuum system, beam-gas interaction, electron cloud, secondary electron yield, non-evaporable gettersAccelerators and Colliders 2 the detailed information of Higgs self-coupling and the mechanism of electroweak symmetry breaking. FCC-ee [25, are the two stages of Future Circular Collider (FCC) [28]. FCC has a center-of-mass energy of 100 TeV with proton-proton collisions finally. The key parameters of CEPC, FCC-hh, FCC-ee, HE-LHC, HL-LHC, and LHC are shown in Table 1.Beam-related instabilities and electron cloud are the critical aspects for vacuum system of the high-energy, high-intensity, and high-luminosity accelerators, which could affect the machine performance and operation [33].