Some Inhibitory Effects of Chitosan on Fish-pathogenic Oomycete, Saprolegnia parasitica.

Min, Hong-Kyu; Hatai, Kishio; Bai, Suk

doi:10.3147/jsfp.29.73

Cited by 22 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…The test was carried out on a S. parasitica strain isolated from skin lesions of Perca fluviatilis Linnaeus (Percidae) and obtained in pure form through serial transplants on GY agar medium: Bacto Agar, (DIFCO) 15 g; Bacto yeast extract (DIFCO) 2.5 g; D-(+)-Glucose 5 g; in 1 l of deionised water (Min et al, 1994), with the addition of 6 mg of penicillin and 10 mg of oxolinic acid (Alderman & Polglase, 1986). The purified strain was kept at 18°C on GY agar and transplanted at regular intervals.…”

Section: Strain Testedmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Selected Essential Oils and Pure Compounds onSaprolegnia parasitica

Tampieri

Galuppi

Carelle

et al. 2003

Pharmaceutical Biology

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Saprolegnia parasitica Coker is the main agent of saprolegniosis, one of the most important causes of economic losses in the fish farming industry, affecting all developmental stages. In this work the activity of some essential oils are compared with the activity of their isolated chemical constituents (alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, phenols, and hydrocarbons) to evaluate molecular classes active against S. parasitica. This suggests potential new products to use against saprolegniosis. Sixteen commercial essential oils and 37 pure constituents were tested against a strain of Saprolegnia parasitica from cutaneous lesions of Perca fluviatilis Linnaeus, using a continuously agitated broth technique that allows both the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and the Minimum Lethal Concentration (MLC) to be evaluated. It was possible to evaluate the efficacy of each essential oil against S. parasitica in relation to its specific composition and the efficacy of its main constituents. Carvacrol (MIC of 50 ppm and a MLC of 100 ppm) and pcymene (MIC and MLC = 200 ppm) are the main constituents of Origanum vulgare L. and Thymus vulgaris L. (MIC = 100 ppm, MLC = 200 ppm) and are the primarly responsible for the efficacy of these two essential oils against S. parasitica. The structure of the constituents was also evaluated in relation to their activities against S. parasitica. Besides monoterpenic aromatic compounds, the acyclic mono-and sesquiterpenic primary alcohols and aldehydes seem to be the most active compounds. The open chain alcohol 1-decanol [CH 3 -(CH 2 ) 8 -CH 2 -OH] proved to be the most active agent with a MLC = 50 ppm.

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Section: Strain Testedmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Selected Essential Oils and Pure Compounds onSaprolegnia parasitica

Tampieri

Galuppi

Carelle

et al. 2003

Pharmaceutical Biology

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“…), common carp ( Cyprinus carpio ; Gopalakannan & Arul ) and olive flounder ( Paralichthys olivaceus ; Min et al . ; Parama et al . ; Cha et al .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is produced by alkaline deacetylation of chitin, which is the major constituent of the exoskeleton of arthropods such as crabs, shrimps, lobsters and insects. In aquaculture, the immunostimulant effect of chitosan has been reported in some aquaculture species such as brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis; , rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss; Siwicki et al 1994), common carp (Cyprinus carpio; Gopalakannan & Arul 2006) and olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus; Min et al 1994;Parama et al 2005;Cha et al 2008). Besides, chitosan has the propriety of interruption the lipid nutrient absorption (Chovancikova & Simek 2001), but some contrary growth results were obtained when applicate chitosan in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus 9 O. aureus; Shiau & Yu 1999) and common carp (C. carpio; Gopalakannan & Arul 2006).…”

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confidence: 99%

Effect of dietary chitosan on growth performance, haematology, immune response, intestine morphology, intestine microbiota and disease resistance in gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio)

et al. 2014

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A 75-day experiment was conducted with juvenile gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio) (4.80 AE 0.01 g) to evaluate effects of dietary chitosan on fish growth performance, haematology, intestine morphology and immune response. Six isonitrogenous (crude protein: 383 g kg À1 ), isolipid (97.5 g kg À1 ) and isocaloric (gross energy: 16.7 kJ g À1 ) diets were formulated to contain 0, 1800, 4000, 7500, 10 000, 20 000 mg kg À1 chitosan, respectively. The results showed that the growth was depressed when the fish fed with 10 000 mg kg À1 chitosan. Serum cholesterol, triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein decreased in 10 000 and 20 000 mg kg À1 chitosan. On day 75, blood leucocyte phagocytic activity respiratory burst and alternative pathway of complement haemolytic activity were enhanced in 4000 mg kg À1 chitosan. The number of goblet cell, intraepithelial lymphocyte of mid-intestine and microvilli height of distal intestine increased at 4000 mg kg À1 dietary chitosan. Dietary chitosan modulated intestine microbiota, depressed pathogen bacteria Aeromonas veronii-like and improved Cellulomonas hominis-like, Bacillus oceanisediminis-like and two uncultured bacterium-like species on day 75. Dietary 7500 and 10 000 mg kg À1 chitosan enhanced the protection against Aeromonas hydrophila infection. In conclusion, oral administration of dietary 7500 mg kg À1 chitosan for 75 days is recommended for the survival of gibel carp.

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“…Chitosan (ca. 0.5%) inhibits growth and zoosporogenesis of the fish pathogen Saprolegnia parasitica (Min et al 1994), suggesting that other genera of Oomycetes may also have chitin and/or chitosan-binding proteins. Since Oomycetes, unlike true fungi, produce little or no chitin (Bartnicki-Garcia 1970, Bertke andAronson 1992), proteins that bind these compounds probably have physiological functions other than cell wall synthesis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regulation of attachment, germination, and appressorium formation by zoospores ofLagenidium giganteum and related oomycetes by chitin, chitosan, and catecholamines

et al. 1997

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Summary. Lagenidium giganteum (Oomycetes: Lagenidiales), a facultative parasite of mosquito larvae, infects the larval stage of most species of mosquitoes and a very limited number of alternate hosts. Host infection by this and other members of Oomycetes is initiated by motile, laterally biflagellate zoospores. Chemical bases for the various degrees of host specificity exhibited by these parasites is not known, but presumably involves receptors on the zoospore surface recognizing compounds either secreted by or on the surface of their hosts. Surface topography had no detectable effect on L. giganteum encystment or appressorium formation. Scanning electron microscopy documented the detachment of flagella during zoospore encystment. Bulbous knobs at the basal end of the detached flagellum were interpreted as encysting zoospores dropping the axoneme and/or the basal body and associated structures to which flagella are attached. Multiple signals appear to be involved in the initial steps ofL. giganteum host invasion. Zoospores of this parasite did not encyst on powdered preparations of chitin or chitosan (deacetylated chitin). Upon dissolution of chitosan in dilute acid followed by drying these solutions to form thin, transparent films, zoospores readily encysted. The degree of reacetylation of these films and the spacing of acetylated and deacetylated residues had no significant effect on zoospore encystment. Zoospores of a strain of Lagenidiurn myophilurn isolated from marine shrimp, that also infects mosquito larvae, encysted on chitosan films. No encystment of spores of the plant parasite Phytophthora capsici was observed on chitin or chitosan films. Simulation of cuticle sclerotization by incubating chitosan films with different catecholamines and tyrosinase significantly reduced zoospore encystment. Zoospores that encysted on chitosan films did not germinate in distilled water. Germination could be induced by adding microgram quantities of bovine serum albumin or proteins secreted by motile zoospores into the water, and to a lesser degree by some amino acids, but not by various cations. Zoospores encysted and germinated on the pupal stage of some mos-*Correspondence and reprints: Botany Department, Box 351330, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, U.S.A. quito species. Appressoria were occasionally fort-ned, but most subsequently sent out another mycelial branch, apparently without attempting to pierce the pupal cuticle. Methylation of pupal exuviae with ethereal diazomethane or methanol/HC1 significantly increased zoospore encystment. Modification of chitin by catecholamines, lipids and protein on the epicuticular larval surface all affected host invasion.

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Some Inhibitory Effects of Chitosan on Fish-pathogenic Oomycete, Saprolegnia parasitica.

Cited by 22 publications

References 13 publications

Effect of Selected Essential Oils and Pure Compounds onSaprolegnia parasitica

Effect of Selected Essential Oils and Pure Compounds onSaprolegnia parasitica

Effect of dietary chitosan on growth performance, haematology, immune response, intestine morphology, intestine microbiota and disease resistance in gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio)

Regulation of attachment, germination, and appressorium formation by zoospores ofLagenidium giganteum and related oomycetes by chitin, chitosan, and catecholamines

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