Some Histological Effects of 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid Applied to Mature Apricot Leaves

Bradley, Muriel V.; Crane, Julian C.; Marei, Nasr

doi:10.1086/336440

Cited by 11 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…Occlusion of xylem vessels was associated with wilting and desiccation of foliage. Other anatomical abnormalities that would interfere with water movement such as tylose formation have been reported in plants treated separately with ethylene, ethephon, and 2,4,5-T (5,6,23). In our studies, the enhanced toxicity of simultaneous treatment with ethephon (0.05 giL) and 2,4,5-T (3.2 giL) was associated with reduced xylem formation and the differentiation of very narrow vessels.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 68%

Histological Effects of Ethephon and 2,4,5-T on Mesquite

1976

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Six-week-old honey mesquite [Prosopis glandulosa(Torr.) var.glandulosa] seedlings were treated with various concentrations of ethephon (2-chloroethylphosphonic acid) and 2,4,5-T [(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] alone and in combinations to determine effect on stem mortality under greenhouse conditions. Ethephon alone at 0.05 g/L brought about defoliation and a reduction in xylem tissue formation but did not affect the histological development of the stem tissue. Treatment with 2,4,5-T alone at 3.2 g/L resulted in 40% stem mortality along with the formation of abnormal xylem tissue of reduced thickness. A combination of ethephon (0.05 g/L) and 2,4,5-T (3.2 g/L) significantly increased mesquite mortality. This was associated with a further reduction in xylem thickness, abnormal development of the xylem, abnormal positional relationships of vascular tissues, and initiation of adventitious roots. This study showed that ethephon in combination with 2,4,5-T was more effective than either treatment alone in promoting the disruption of the tissue systems of the stem and in increasing control of mesquite seedlings.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 68%

Histological Effects of Ethephon and 2,4,5-T on Mesquite

1976

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“…This phenomenon was predominantly the result of the growth ensuing from an increase in number of cells of bundle sheaths and their extensions. The 2,4-D analog 2, 4, 5-T (2, 4, 5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid) acted in a similar manner in apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) leaves (Bradley et al, 1968).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Anomalies in Structure, Growth Characteristics, and Nutritional Composition as Induced by 2,4-Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid Drift Phytotoxicity in Grapevine Leaves and Clusters

Bondada¹

2011

J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci.

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Drift hazards and the effects of 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) spray drift on woody perennials have been commonly observed since its discovery in the 1940s; however, 2,4-D-induced phytotoxicity, morphogenesis, and structural and compositional anomalies of their vegetative and reproductive structures are not well understood. Healthy and 2,4-D-injured shoots of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) from a commercial vineyard experiencing persistent drift were compared. The morphoanatomy of healthy and 2,4-D-injured leaves and berries were examined using light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Along with the microscopic examinations, stomatal conductance (g S ), leaf growth characteristics, and mineral composition were also determined. The morphoanatomy of healthy leaves resembled that of a typical angiospermic leaf. By contrast, shoots exposed to 2,4-D phytotoxicity displayed epinastic behavior and developed grotesquely malformed leaves that were thick, fan-shaped, enated, and interveinally puckered as a result of fasciation of veins. The cellular architecture, including the vascular bundles, was altered as a result of the formation of parenchymatous replacement tissues. The g S , leaf index, leaf area, and petiole dimensions were significantly reduced in the 2,4-D-injured leaves. 2,4-D-injured leaves; however, accumulated high levels of nitrogen, potassium, and iron compared with healthy leaves. The clusters (fertilized inflorescences) of the injured shoots developed epinastic curvature and predominantly bore live green ovaries (seedless unripened pseudofruit) instead of true berries (fertilized fully ripened fleshy fruit). These abnormalities are expected to severely perturb the vital functions of photosynthesis and transpiration as evidenced by low g S and poor fruit set leading to senescence and localized necrosis ultimately causing death of current-season shoots.

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“…Very many such studies have been performed to date in plant and animal systems, and these have been reviewed by Grant [20]. Practically all the investigations performed in plant systems produced positive results [1,7,8,12,13,19,33,36,38,41]. But a question mark is placed against the conclusiveness of these results by one scientist who points out that a major criticism by non- geneticists carrying out cytogenetic studies in higher plants with chlorinated phenoxy acids is that the majority of studies have been of the Allium type and that the immediate chromosome damage observed may be a physiological-toxicological problem rather than genetic [ 151.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mutagenicity studies with 2,4,5-T on bacteria and mammalian germ cells

Herbold

Machemer

Röhrborn

1982

Teratog. Carcinog. Mutagen.

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The herbicide 2,4,5-T (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid) was evaluated for potential mutagenicity by a Salmonella/mammalian-microsome test, a dominant lethal test on female rats, and by a cytogenetic assay on spermatogonia of Chinese hamster. In the Salmonella/mammalian-microsome test on four Salmonella typhimurium strains (TA 1535, TA 100, TA 1537, and TA 98), doses of up to and including 2500 micrograms/plate did not cause any mutagenic effects. In a dominant lethal test on female rats, 8-week dietary administration of 2,4,5-T at doses of up to and including 10 mg/kg/day did not cause any increase in preimplantation loss or the rate of dead implants, and did not have any effect on the fertilization quota. Cytogenetic analysis of the spermatogonia of male Chinese hamsters orally dosed five times at 24-hr intervals with 2,4,5-T at levels of up to and including 100 mg/kg did not provide any indication of 2,4,5-T having chromosome-damaging effects. Therefore, none of the three test systems provided any indication of 2,4,5-T having a mutagenic effect.

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Some Histological Effects of 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid Applied to Mature Apricot Leaves

Cited by 11 publications

References 0 publications

Histological Effects of Ethephon and 2,4,5-T on Mesquite

Histological Effects of Ethephon and 2,4,5-T on Mesquite

Anomalies in Structure, Growth Characteristics, and Nutritional Composition as Induced by 2,4-Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid Drift Phytotoxicity in Grapevine Leaves and Clusters

Mutagenicity studies with 2,4,5-T on bacteria and mammalian germ cells

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