“…According to the criteria evaluation information of each alternative, MCDM problems can be classified into three types: fuzzy, gray, and stochastic. Among these, stochastic MCDM problems are highly common in real life, and have been extensively applied to various areas (Liu et al., ; Tan et al., ; Wang et al., , ; Cao et al., ). In stochastic MCDM problems, criteria values are random variables with known or unknown probability density functions, and criteria weights are usually uncertain.…”