Some factors influencing voluntary and reflex eyelid responses.

Telford, C. W.; Thompson, NP

doi:10.1037/h0071694

Cited by 34 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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Section: Factors Affecting the Rate Of Spontaneous Blinkingmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Speaking (Karson, Staub, Kleinman, & Wyatt, 1981;von Cramon & Schuri, 1980), memorizing (De Jong & Merckelbach, 1990), and mental arithmetic (Telford & Thompson, 1933) increase the rate of blinking relative to quiet rest. Reading (Karson et al, 1981;Telford & Thompson, 1933), daydreaming (Holland & Tarlow, 1975), and tasks requiring focused visual attention (e.g., tracking; De Jong & Merckelbach, 1990;Tada, 1978) typically reduce the rate of spontaneous blinking. Cognitive processes believed to be responsible for this modulation of the rate of spontaneous blinking in adult humans include concentration or effort (Wood & Bitterman, 1950), cognitive load (De Jong & Merckelbach, 1990), attentional requirements (Stern et al, 1984), memory load (Telford & Thompson, 1933), and competition with visual processing (Holland & Tarlow, 1975).…”

Section: Factors Affecting the Rate Of Spontaneous Blinkingmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Reading (Karson et al, 1981;Telford & Thompson, 1933), daydreaming (Holland & Tarlow, 1975), and tasks requiring focused visual attention (e.g., tracking; De Jong & Merckelbach, 1990;Tada, 1978) typically reduce the rate of spontaneous blinking. Cognitive processes believed to be responsible for this modulation of the rate of spontaneous blinking in adult humans include concentration or effort (Wood & Bitterman, 1950), cognitive load (De Jong & Merckelbach, 1990), attentional requirements (Stern et al, 1984), memory load (Telford & Thompson, 1933), and competition with visual processing (Holland & Tarlow, 1975). Visual fatigue (Kaneko & Sakamoto, 2001) and deception (Fakuda, 2001) also were linked to some features of spontaneous blinking.…”

Section: Factors Affecting the Rate Of Spontaneous Blinkingmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Spontaneous eye blinking in human infants: A review

Bacher

Smotherman

2004

Developmental Psychobiology

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Spontaneous eye blinking has been studied in clinical and neuropharmacological research in adult humans and nonhuman primates as a putative index of central dopamine system activity. One purpose of this review is to provide a general overview of the research on spontaneous eye blinking with an emphasis on the relationship between spontaneous eye blinking and central dopamine systems. We suggest that the body of research from human (adults, children, and infants) and nonhuman primates supports the continued empirical investigation of spontaneous eye blinking in human infants. A second purpose is to present approaches for empirical work to further investigate the development, correlates, and mechanisms of spontaneous eye blinking in human infants. The results of further investigation may reveal new insights into relationships between the central nervous system activity and behavior in early human development.

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Section: Factors Affecting the Rate Of Spontaneous Blinkingmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Factors Affecting the Rate Of Spontaneous Blinkingmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Factors Affecting the Rate Of Spontaneous Blinkingmentioning

confidence: 98%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Spontaneous eye blinking in human infants: A review

Bacher

Smotherman

2004

Developmental Psychobiology

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“…In addition, blink rates of children with calcifica¬ tions (n= 13) and without calcifications (n=33) were com¬ pared. Because children with calcifications had signifi¬ cantly (P<.02) higher severity of cortical atrophy (mean [±SEM] rating, 50.2±5.8) compared with that of chil¬ dren without calcifications (mean [±SEM] rating,29.9±4.4), analysis of covariance was used to adjust for cortical atrophy and age. The adjusted mean (±SEM) blink rates of the 2 groups were almost identical (4.50±0.53vs4.49±0.81).Relations between blink rate and sex or route of infec¬ tion were not significant.…”

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confidence: 99%

Spontaneous Eye Blinking, a Measure of Dopaminergic Function, in Children With Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

Vreugdenhil

Brouwers

Wolters

et al. 1997

Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med

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“…pothesis. Telford and Thompson (1933) determined that spontaneous blink rates vary with the type of mental task. This fmding was extended to include the difficulty of the task (Gregory, 1952;Holland & Tarlow, 1972, 1975Luckiesh, 1944).…”

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confidence: 99%

Effects of illumination and meter on spontaneous eyeblinks

Malmstrom

Rachofsky

Weber

1977

Bull. Psychon. Soc.

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The hypothesis that blinking acts as a mask on visual information processing was tested. Twenty-four undergraduates listened to verbal presentations of poetry and random digits under illuminated or darkness conditions. Results indicated that the subjects' blink rates were significantly depressed during presentation of material relative to dead space paused. Results were contrary to the masking hypothesis.It has been suggested by Tarlow (1972, 1975) and Wegmann and Weber (1973) that changes in illumination caused by spontaneous eyeblinks may constitute a disruptive influence during the processing of visual information. The reason for this might be a masking process associated with blink-induced illumination change. There is some evidence bearing on this hypothesis. Yarbus (1967) states that the entire blink response, which begins with a slight upward rotation of the eyeballs, continues with the closing of the lid, the blackout period, and the opening of the eyelids to the full open position, will occupy up to .2 sec. (The blackout period is defmed as the period in which the upper and lower eyelids touch.) Lawson (1948) reported that the blackout period itself occupies between .03 and .10 sec. Thus, these figures taken together indicate that the blackout period of the eyeblink constitutes from 15% to 50% of the entire eyeblink process. Additional literature also has a bearing on the hy-. pothesis. Telford and Thompson (1933) determined that spontaneous blink rates vary with the type of mental task. This fmding was extended to include the difficulty of the task (Gregory, 1952;Holland & Tarlow, 1972, 1975Luckiesh, 1944). Typical results show a U-shaped curve across the time course of a single trial which indicates an intermediate-level blink rate during times of no concentration, followed by a depression of blink rates during both the presentation and processing of information, followed by a flurry of eye blinks at the completion of the mental task. Quite often the recovery interval blink rates appear to exceed the base blink rates, suggesting that there is an effort to "catch up" on one's blinking after release from a mental processing task. Ponder and Kennedy (1927) 163 blindness or in darkness. They present evidence that blinking is an internally generated activity which is only minimally influenced by peripheral external conditions, such as dryness of the cornea or illumination levels. But it remains to be determined whether the subjects' blink function in different illumination conditions can be related to information processing requirements during a trial.In this paper we propose several hypotheses relating blink rate and information processing. The masking hypothesis is concerned with why the blink rate during a trial decreases when information is presented and processed. It would state that blinking diminishes during information processing because blinking-induced illumination changes will serve to mask ongoing information processing. Blinking avoidance would then have the adaptive function of not inte...

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Some factors influencing voluntary and reflex eyelid responses.

Cited by 34 publications

References 13 publications

Spontaneous eye blinking in human infants: A review

Spontaneous eye blinking in human infants: A review

Spontaneous Eye Blinking, a Measure of Dopaminergic Function, in Children With Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

Effects of illumination and meter on spontaneous eyeblinks

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