S U M M A R YKodak AR.10 and Ilford G5 autoradiographs of a variety of radioactive resin standards and labelled cell preparations were investigated by visual grain counting, reflectance microscopy, gross (non-scanning) absorbance measurements and integrating microdensitometry (the last using the Vickers M85 flying-spot instrument).The reflectivity of silver grains is affected by the type of radiation to which the emulsion was exposed, the conditions of development and other factors. Reflectance results in arbitrary machine units were converted to absolute units by comparing them with results obtained under identical experimental conditions on fully-blackened standard autoradiographs.With relatively low grain counts, the exposure is approximately proportional to the visual grain count, the reflectance, the gross absorbance and the integrated absorbance. With a fractional coverage of emulsion by developed grains of more than about 0.4, or absorbance more than about 0.22 (corresponding with Kodak AR.10 to grain densities of more than about 1.5/pm2), the exposure remains directly proportional to the absorbance and the integrated absorbance; experimental observations confirmed the theoretical prediction that the apparent fractional coverage, as measured by reflectance microscopy, is approximately equal to unity minus the antilog of minus the absorbance.Visual grain counting is reliable in the range 0.01-0.4 grains/pm2 (about 30 grains/ 10 pm diameter cell), and although tedious is widely applicable. Reflectance measurements are objective and relatively rapid, and are useful with grain counts up to about 150 grains/cell, but results may be affected by staining of the emulsion or by fluorescence of the emulsion or specimen. Both gross and flying-spot absorbance measurements are directly proportional to the exposure over a large range. Gross absorbance measurements are applicable only to extended, homogeneous autoradiographs, while integrating, flying-spot measurements may be used also with discrete and non-uniform specimens. Both absorbance methods are best applied to unstained preparations.