Some Effects of Pollutants in Terrestrial Ecosystems

Stickel, William H.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-8945-7_2

Cited by 42 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 123 publications

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“…Waterfowl exhibit particular intolerance to carbofuran with LDsos of 0.48 and 0.24 mg per kg body weight to Mallards and fulvous Whistlingducks (Dendrocygna bicolor), respectively (Hudson et al, 1984). Many die-offs of adult waterfowl wintering in the southern United States have been attributed to carbofuran 0963-9292 © 1993 Chapman & Hall use (Stickel, 1975;Flickinger et al, 1980;Hill and Fleming, 1982). No documentation of poisoning on the breeding grounds exists, however.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Survival and behaviour of captive Mallard broods exposed to carbofuran-sprayed vegetation: a field experiment

Martin¹,

Forsyth²

1993

Ecotoxicology

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: A field study was undertaken to determine the effects of exposure to vegetation sprayed with carbofuran (2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-7-benzofuranylmethyl carbamate) on the survival and behavior of Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) ducklings. Pairs of captive hens with newly hatched broods of five to eight ducklings were released into sprayed or control 200 m long walkways leading directly to 0.1 ha pond enclosures. Carbofuran was applied at 132 and 264 g a.i. ha(-1) during five and four replicate trials, respectively. Broods were observed during the walk, and activity was recorded systematically during four 2-h periods over the following two days. Dead or abandoned ducklings were retrieved and brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was determined. Carbofuran did not affect the rate of duckling loss on the day of exposure at either spray rate compared with that of controls (3/34 versus 3/38 ducklings and 3/31 versus 0/31 ducklings, respectively). Nevertheless, one and three of the abandoned or dead ducklings in the low and high spray-rate trials, respectively, exhibited depression of brain AChE activity associated with mortality caused by anticholinesterase compounds (16 to 47% of mean control activity). Although no significant differences were detected in duckling behaviour between treated and control broods at either exposure level, treated broods tended to spend a larger proportion of time hidden in emergent vegetation. The ingestion of carbofuran by ducklings walking through sprayed vegetation appears to be the critical mode of intake, with dermal absorption being minimal.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Survival and behaviour of captive Mallard broods exposed to carbofuran-sprayed vegetation: a field experiment

Martin¹,

Forsyth²

1993

Ecotoxicology

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“…However, most bird species are insectivorous during the months of heaviest pesticide application and there is no simple procedure for estimating pesticide intake from the insects eaten. Instances of avian secondary poisoning (eating animal foods contaminated with poisons) by organophosphates have occasionally been reported (Mendelssohn and Paz, 1977 K. L. STROMBORG, L. C. McEWEN A N D T. LAMONT extent of such poisoning is largely a matter of speculation (Mills, 1973;Stickel, 1975).…”

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confidence: 98%

Organophosphate Residues in Grasshoppers from Sprayed Rangelands

Stromborg

McEwen

Lamont

1984

Chemistry and Ecology

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“…Several authors have described only specific ecological responses of ecosystems to air pollution without attempting to describe any unifying theory of air-pollution effects (for example, Glass 1978, Grodzinski and Yorks 1981, Stickel 1975, Memorandum of Intent 1983. Based on this literature and including those papers concerned with the ecosystem response hypotheses, alterations of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems by air pollution can affect six general properties of an ecosystem: community energetics, community structure, ecosystem life history, chemical cycling, ecosystem genetics, and ecosystem homeostasis.…”

Section: Characterization Of Ecosystem Responses To Air Pollutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Animals as indicators of ecosystem responses to air emissions

Newman¹,

Schreiber

1984

Environmental Management

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/ With existing and proposed air-quality regulations, ecological disasters resulting from air emissions such as those observed at Copperhill, Tennessee, and Sudbury, Ontario, are unlikely. Current air-quality standards, however, may not protect ecosystems from subacute and chronic exposure to air emissions. The encouragement of the use of coal for energy production and the development of the fossil-fuel industries, including oil shales, tar sands, and coal liquification, point to an increase and spread of fossil-fuel emissions and the potential to influence a number of natural ecosystems. This paper reviews the reported responses of ecosystems to airborne pollutants and discusses the use of animals as indicators of ecosystem responses to these pollutants. Animal species and populations can act as important indicators of biotic and abiotic responses of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. These responses can indicate long-term trends in ecosystem health and productivity, chemical cycling, genetics, and regulation. For short-term trends, fish and wildlife also serve as monitors of changes in community structure, signaling food-web contamination, as well as providing a measure of ecosystem vitality. Information is presented to show not only the importance of animals as indicators of ecosystem responses to air-qualify degradation, but also their value as air-pollution indices, that is, as air-quality-related values (AQRV), required in current airpollution regulation.

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Some Effects of Pollutants in Terrestrial Ecosystems

Cited by 42 publications

References 123 publications

Survival and behaviour of captive Mallard broods exposed to carbofuran-sprayed vegetation: a field experiment

Survival and behaviour of captive Mallard broods exposed to carbofuran-sprayed vegetation: a field experiment

Organophosphate Residues in Grasshoppers from Sprayed Rangelands

Animals as indicators of ecosystem responses to air emissions

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