Some Effects of Methane Inhibition in Ruminants (Steers)

Johnson, E. D.; Wood, A. S.; Stone, J. B.; Moran, E. T.

doi:10.4141/cjas72-083

Cited by 48 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…On the day 21 of every period, gas sample was collected at 0, 2, 4 and 6 h post‐feeding by a close‐fitting plastic tube, which was inserted in the rumen fistula, where the arm end was covered with two layers of cheesecloth and positioned above the ingesta. The other end of the tube was fitted with two layers of a plastic bag, ensuring no air coming inside before collecting gas (Johnson et al., modified by Poungchompu et al., ). Samples of gas were obtained via rubber tubing to a plastic bag by three times of rumen movement.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Manipulation of ruminal fermentation and methane production by supplementation of rain tree pod meal containing tannins and saponins in growing dairy steers

Anantasook

Wanapat

Cherdthong

2013

Animal Physiology Nutrition

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Four rumen-fistulated dairy steers were used in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. The main factors were two roughage-to-concentrate ratios (R:C, 60:40 and 40:60) and two supplementation levels of rain tree pod meal (RPM) [0 or unsupplemented and 60 g/kg of total dry matter (DM) intake]. Chopped 30 g/kg of urea-treated rice straw was used as a roughage source. All animals received dietary according to respective R:C ratios at 25 g/kg body weight. The RPM contained condensed tannins and crude saponins at 84 and 143 g/kg of DM respectively. It was found that total volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and propionate concentrations were increased (p < 0.01), while acetate concentration, acetate-to-propionate ratio, CH4 production and protozoal numbers were decreased (p < 0.01) when steers were supplemented with RPM and 600 g/kg of concentrate. Allantoin excretion was found different by both R:C ratio and supplementation of RPM, with the highest value at R:C of 40:60 with 60 g/kg RPM (123.6 mmol/day) (p < 0.05). Allantoin absorption and microbial crude protein were increased (p < 0.05) with an increasing concentrate ratio. Moreover, efficiency of microbial protein synthesis was increased (p < 0.05) by feeding a higher ratio of concentrate (R:C 40:60) and supplementation of RPM. Based on this study, it is suggested that supplementation of RPM was beneficial for dairy cows fed on high roughage ratio, which could improved rumen fermentation by reducing fermentation gas loss, thus improving VFA profiles and thus enhancing efficiency of microbial protein synthesis.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Manipulation of ruminal fermentation and methane production by supplementation of rain tree pod meal containing tannins and saponins in growing dairy steers

Anantasook

Wanapat

Cherdthong

2013

Animal Physiology Nutrition

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“…Adaptation to the chemicals occurred in some studies and the CH 4 mitigation effect became lower with time (Johnson et al 1972;Immig et al 1996). However, the effect of BCM appeared to be persistent (Sawyer et al 1974;Tomkins et al 2009;Abecia et al 2012).…”

Section: Mitigation Of Enteric Ch 4 Per Animal or Per Unit Of Digestimentioning

confidence: 99%

Interactions between microbial consortia in biofilms: a paradigm shift in rumen microbial ecology and enteric methane mitigation

Leng¹

2014

Anim. Prod. Sci.

132

105

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Abstract. Minimising enteric CH 4 emissions from ruminants is a current research priority because CH 4 contributes to global warming. The most effective mitigation strategy is to adjust the animal's diet to complement locally available feed resources so that optimal production is gained from a minimum of animals. This essay concentrates on a second strategy -the use of feed additives that are toxic to methanogens or that redirect H 2 (and electrons) to inhibit enteric CH 4 emissions from individual animals. Much of the published research in this area is contradictory and may be explained when the microbial ecology of the rumen is considered.Rumen microbes mostly exist in organised consortia within biofilms composed of self-secreted extracellular polymeric substances attached to or within feed particles. In these biofilms, individual colonies are positioned to optimise their use of preferred intermediates from an overall process of organic matter fermentation that generates end-products the animal can utilise. Synthesis of CH 4 within biofilms prevents a rise in the partial pressure of H 2 (pH 2 ) to levels that inhibit bacterial dehydrogenases, and so reduce fermentation rate, feed intake and digestibility. In this context, hypotheses are advanced to explain changes in hydrogen disposal from the biofilms in the rumen resulting from use of anti-methanogenic feed additives as follows.Nitrate acts as an alternative electron sink when it is reduced via NO 2 -to NH 3 and CH 4 synthesis is reduced. However, efficiency of CH 4 mitigation is always lower than that predicted and decreases as NO 3 -ingestion increases. Suggested reasons include (1) variable levels of absorption of NO 3 -or NO 2 -from the rumen and (2) increases in H 2 production. One suggestion is that NO 3 -reduction may lower pH 2 at the surface of biofilms, thereby creating an ecological niche for growth of syntrophic bacteria that oxidise propionate and/or butyrate to acetate with release of H 2 .Chlorinated hydrocarbons also inhibit CH 4 synthesis and increase H 2 and formate production by some rumen methanogens. Formate diffuses from the biofilm and is converted to HCO 3 -and H 2 in rumen fluid and is then excreted via the breath. Short-chain nitro-compounds inhibit both CH 4 and formate synthesis when added to ruminal fluid but have little or no effect in redirecting H 2 to other sinks, so the pH 2 within biofilms may increase to levels that support reductive acetogenesis. Biochar or activated charcoal may also alter biofilm activity and reduce net CH 4 synthesis; direct electron transfer between microbes within biofilms may also be involved. A final suggestion is that, during their sessile life stage, protozoa interact with biofilm communities and help maintain pH 2 in the biofilm, supporting methanogenesis.

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“…However, this approach is technically difficult, given the cumbersome techniques required to grow methanogens, their inherently slow growth kinetics and their extreme sensitivity to oxygen. Historically, a number of studies using various halogenated compounds have demonstrated the 'proof of principle' of small molecule inhibitors, especially in shorter-term animal experiments; however, unfortunately, the inhibitors are either unacceptable because of environmental or toxicology concerns, or tend to become less effective over time (Johnson et al, 1972;Czerkawski and Breckenridge, 1975;Van Nevel and Demeyer, 1995;McCrabb et al, 1997).…”

Section: Small Molecule Inhibitorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genome sequencing of rumen bacteria and archaea and its application to methane mitigation strategies

Leahy

Kelly

Ronimus

et al. 2013

Animal

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Ruminant-derived methane (CH 4 ), a potent greenhouse gas, is a consequence of microbial fermentation in the digestive tract of livestock. Development of mitigation strategies to reduce CH 4 emissions from farmed animals is currently the subject of both scientific and environmental interest. Methanogens are the sole producers of ruminant CH 4 , and therefore CH 4 abatement strategies can either target the methanogens themselves or target the other members of the rumen microbial community that produce substrates necessary for methanogenesis. Understanding the relationship that methanogens have with other rumen microbes is crucial when considering CH 4 mitigation strategies for ruminant livestock. Genome sequencing of rumen microbes is an important tool to improve our knowledge of the processes that underpin those relationships. Currently, several rumen bacterial and archaeal genome projects are either complete or underway. Genome sequencing is providing information directly applicable to CH 4 mitigation strategies based on vaccine and small molecule inhibitor approaches. In addition, genome sequencing is contributing information relevant to other CH 4 mitigation strategies. These include the selection and breeding of low CH 4 -emitting animals through the interpretation of large-scale DNA and RNA sequencing studies and the modification of other microbial groups within the rumen, thereby changing the dynamics of microbial fermentation.Keywords: genome sequencing, methane mitigation, methanogens, rumen bacteria Implications Development of CH 4 mitigation strategies for ruminants without disrupting normal digestive function and reducing productivity is a major challenge. Genome sequencing is an effective way of gaining information on how rumen methanogens and bacteria interact and contribute to rumen function. This knowledge will be important when considering the design and implementation of ruminant CH 4 abatement strategies. Genomic information is already contributing to vaccine and small molecule inhibitor programmes that are aimed at reducing ruminant CH 4 emissions, but it will also underpin the analysis and comprehension of metagenomic sequence data sets, allowing the generation of testable hypotheses to gain a better understanding of rumen biology. IntroductionRuminants are foregut fermenters and have evolved an efficient digestive system in which microbes ferment plant fibre and provide fermentation end-products and other nutrients for growth of the animal (Clauss et al., 2010). Feed ingested by ruminants is fermented by a complex microbial community, which includes bacteria, ciliate protozoa, anaerobic fungi, archaea and viruses. The rumen is the first and largest foregut compartment and is the main site for microbial fermentation. The microbial ecology of the rumen has been the focus of numerous studies (reviewed by McSweeney and Mackie, 2012), but very little information is available regarding the microflora of the ruminant oral cavity and lower gastrointestinal tract. The rumen provides optimal conditio...

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Some Effects of Methane Inhibition in Ruminants (Steers)

Abstract: ABSTRACT

Cited by 48 publications

References 7 publications

Manipulation of ruminal fermentation and methane production by supplementation of rain tree pod meal containing tannins and saponins in growing dairy steers

Manipulation of ruminal fermentation and methane production by supplementation of rain tree pod meal containing tannins and saponins in growing dairy steers

Interactions between microbial consortia in biofilms: a paradigm shift in rumen microbial ecology and enteric methane mitigation

Genome sequencing of rumen bacteria and archaea and its application to methane mitigation strategies

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