Some effects of irrigation and plant density on the water relations of high density coffee (<i>Coffea arabica</i>L.) in Kenya

Fisher, N. M.; Browning, G.

doi:10.1080/00221589.1979.11514842

Cited by 9 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…There were similar studies in Brazil, Costa Rica and Mexico by Alvim (1960), Butler (1977), Fanjul et al (1985) and, in Kenya, by Wormer (1965), Browning and Fisher (1975), Fisher and Browning (1979) and Kumar and Tieszen (1980a;. Other names associated with this work include Nunes (1976) and Bierhuizen et al (1969).…”

Section: Plant Water Relationssupporting

confidence: 59%

“…In Kenya, Fisher and Browning (1979) found that planting at high densities, over the range 5000 to 20 000 ha 71 , did not increase the susceptibility of individual plants to drought, and may even have alleviated it, at least up to the highest practical density (8000 ha 71 ). They based these conclusions on measurements of leaf water potential, stomatal opening (in®ltration score), rates of extension of lateral branches and the number of nodes.…”

Section: Drought Mitigation Planting Density and Shade Treesmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Water stress reduces rates of shoot extension, the number of nodes and the area of individual leaves (Boyer, 1969 for C. canephora;Fisher and Browning, 1979;Tesha and Kumar, 1979). Also, Wormer (1965) observed that shoot growth rates can be restricted before there is any evidence of dierential stomatal closure between irrigated and unirrigated trees.…”

Section: Vegetative Growthmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…In Kenya, however, Fisher and Browning (1979), Kumar and Tieszen (1980b) and Gathaara and Kiara (1984) have successfully used a pressure chamber to measure leaf water potentials (cL) during the day in the ®eld. Kumar and Tieszen (1980b) found that when mid-afternoon temperatures were 25±308C, and saturation de®cits had reached 2.5±3.0 kPa, cL fell to minima of about 71.5 Mpa (even when the soil was close to ®eld capacity) before increasing again in the late afternoon.…”

Section: Transpirationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Water Relations and Irrigation Requirements of Coffee

Carr

2001

Ex. Agric.

143

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The role of water in the development and yield of the coee crop (Coea arabica L.) is reviewed. A period of water stress, induced either by dry soil or dry air, is needed to prepare¯ower buds for blossoming that is then stimulated by rain or irrigation. Although attempts have been made to quantify the intensity and duration of stress required, these have not yet been speci®ed in ways that are commercially useful. Water must be freely available during the period of rapid fruit expansion to ensure large, high-quality seed yields. Depending on the time and uniformity of¯owering this can occur at times when rainfall is unreliable, particularly in equatorial areas.Although there are dierences in their responses to drought, commercial cultivars have retained many of the characteristics adapted to the shady environment of the forests in the Ethiopian highlands in which C. arabica is believed to have originated. These include partial closure of the stomata when evaporation rates are high as a result of large leaf-to-air saturation de®cits (41.6 kPa), even if the soil is at ®eld capacity. This is thought to be an adaptive mechanism that minimizes transpiration at high irradiances when the leaves are light-saturated.Our understanding of the actual water use of coee crops grown in diverse ways is imperfect. For mature crops, well supplied with water, the crop coecient (Kc) appears to have a value in the range equivalent to 0.7±0.8 times the evaporation from a US Weather Bureau Class A pan. There is some evidence that Kc values are less than this on days when evaporation rates are high (47 mm d 71 ). For immature crops allowance has to be made for the proportion of the ground area shaded by the leaf canopy, but this alone may underestimate rates of water use. Present methods of calculating crop water requirements for the purposes of irrigation scheme design and management are imprecise and, probably, subject to large errors depending on local circumstances.The need for irrigation, and its role in controlling the timing of¯owering, varies depending on the rainfall distribution, the severity of the dry season, and soil type and depth. Two geographic areas need to be distinguished in particular; those close to the equator with a bi-modal rainfall pattern and those at higher latitudes with a single rainy season and an extended dry season. Despite the international importance of irrigation in coee crop production, the bene®ts to be derived from irrigation, in yield and in ®nancial terms, have not been adequately quanti®ed in either location. Allowable soil-water de®cits have been speci®ed for deep-rooting crops (2±3 m) on water retentive soils, usually linked to conventional over-tree sprinkler irrigation systems. Other, potentially more ecient, methods of irrigation are now available for coee grower use, in particular, micro-jet-and drip-irrigation systems. However, there appears to be little advice, based on sound experimental work, on how to design and operate these to best advantage.There is a need to interpret and apply the s...

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Section: Plant Water Relationssupporting

confidence: 59%

Section: Drought Mitigation Planting Density and Shade Treesmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Vegetative Growthmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Transpirationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Water Relations and Irrigation Requirements of Coffee

Carr

2001

Ex. Agric.

143

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“…Contudo, tem-se afirmado que a água não é fator restritivo para a adoção de sistemas de plantio adensados (GATHAARA e KIARA, 1984) e que o aumento da população não implica maior consumo de água (LIBRAN et al, 1985). É necessário mencionar que o aumento da densidade populacional diminui a transpiração (FISHER e BROWNING, 1978, LIBRAN et al, 1985 e pode não proporcionar diminuição do potencial hídrico nas plantas (FISHER e BROWNING, 1978, 1979, GATHAARA e KIARA, 1984 ( 1 ) População de 2500 plantas.ha -1 no espaçamento 4 x 2m com duas plantas por cova.…”

Section: Produtividadeunclassified

Comportamento de cultivares de cafeeiro em diferentes densidades de plantio

2005

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Avaliou-se em Adamantina, na Região da Alta Paulista, em São Paulo, entre maio de 1995 e junho de 2000, o crescimento e quatro produções de cafeeiros das cultivares de porte baixo Catuaí Amarelo IAC 47 e Obatã IAC 1669-20 de Coffea arabica L., submetidas às densidades de plantio de 2.500, 5.000, 7.519 e 10.000 plantas ha-1, com uma planta por cova. Estudou-se também a população de 2.500 plantas.ha-1 em covas com duas plantas com 2,0 m de distância na linha de plantio. Adotou-se o delineamento estatístico de blocos ao acaso com três repetições, com parcelas subdivididas, onde as parcelas foram as populações e as subparcelas, as cultivares. Os resultados permitiram inferir que, no período estudado, o aumento da densidade influenciou positivamente a altura e negativamente o diâmetro do caule e da base da copa dos cafeeiros, mas não a altura da inserção do primeiro ramo plagiotrópico a partir do nível do solo. O aumento da população de cafeeiros acarretou menor produção de café beneficiado por planta, mas concorreu para o aumento da produtividade no período de 1997 a 2000. O plantio de duas mudas de café por cova acarretou também diminuição do diâmetro do caule e da produção individual dos cafeeiros. Observou-se na cultivar Catuaí Amarelo IAC 47 maior diâmetro da base da copa e maior crescimento em altura, enquanto a cv. Obatã IAC 1669-20 evidenciou seu maior diâmetro do caule. As cultivares Catuaí Amarelo IAC 47 e Obatã IAC 1669-20 não diferiram entre si quanto à produção individual e à produtividade de café beneficiado no quadriênio (1997-2000).

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Physiology of the Coffee Crop

Cannell¹

1985

Coffee

115

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Some effects of irrigation and plant density on the water relations of high density coffee (Coffea arabicaL.) in Kenya

Cited by 9 publications

References 5 publications

The Water Relations and Irrigation Requirements of Coffee

The Water Relations and Irrigation Requirements of Coffee

Comportamento de cultivares de cafeeiro em diferentes densidades de plantio

Physiology of the Coffee Crop

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