Some effects of immediate versus randomly delayed shock on an instrumental response and cognitive processes.

Mr, D'amato; We, Gumenik

doi:10.1037/h0041397

Cited by 38 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…The bulk of onset predictability studies did not found any effect of unpredictability on pain perception, 2,6,7,11-15,33,39 with a few exceptions. 5,9,24 However, in one of those studies, pain ratings were only obtained in between blocks instead of after each stimulus presentation, which may have affected intensity ratings. 38 Also, these studies did not control for differences in anticipation duration, which seems to be an important factor, as effects of onset predictability disappeared when ensuring similar periods of pain anticipation between conditions.…”

Section: Eventmentioning

confidence: 99%

Uncertainty in a context of pain: disliked but also more painful?

Zaman

Oudenhove

Vlaeyen

2020

Pain

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Section: Eventmentioning

confidence: 99%

Uncertainty in a context of pain: disliked but also more painful?

Zaman

Oudenhove

Vlaeyen

2020

Pain

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“…While it has been reported that animals prefer delayed punishment to immediate punishment, when either shock (Renner, 1967;Renner & Specht, 1967) or timeout from reinforcement (Carlson, 1972) is the aversive event, it has also been observed that immediate shock is preferred to delayed shock (Knapp, Kause, & Perkins, 1959). Human studies have reported that while adult humans prefer immediate to delayed punishment (e.g., Badia, McBane, Suter, & Lewis, 1966;Cook & Barnes, 1964;D'Amato & Gumenik, 1960;Hare, 1966;Klemp & Rodin, 1976;Mischel, Grusec, & Masters, 1969), children (Grusec, 1968;Mischel et al, 1969) and psychopathic adults (Hare, 1966) have no consistent preference for immediate or delayed punishment.…”

Section: Experiments 1 Choice and Delay Until Punishmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-control and impulsiveness involving aversive events.

Deluty

1978

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes

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“…To create maximal levels of anxiety with minimal levels of habituation, three layers of unpredictability were embedded into the shock trials: event (whether the shock will occur or not), temporal (when will it occur), and intensity (how strong will it be) unpredictability. These levels of unpredictability have been shown to potentiate emotional reactivity (D'Amato and Gumenik, 1960; Monat et al, 1972), autonomic (Geer and Maisel, 1972) and neural responding (Carlsson et al, 2006). Multiple levels of shock intensity permitted investigation of a dynamic range of responses.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experiential, autonomic, and neural responses during threat anticipation vary as a function of threat intensity and neuroticism

et al. 2011

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Anticipatory emotional responses play a crucial role in preparing individuals for impending challenges. They do this by triggering a coordinated set of changes in behavioral, autonomic, and neural response systems. In the present study, we examined the biobehavioral impact of varying levels of anticipatory anxiety, using a shock anticipation task in which unpredictable electric shocks were threatened and delivered to the wrist at variable intervals and intensities (safe, medium, strong). This permitted investigation of a dynamic range of anticipatory anxiety responses. In two studies, 95 and 51 healthy female participants, respectively, underwent this shock anticipation task while providing continuous ratings of anxiety experience and electrodermal responding (Study 1) and during fMRI BOLD neuroimaging (Study 2). Results indicated a step-wise pattern of responding in anxiety experience and electrodermal responses. Several brain regions showed robust responses to shock anticipation relative to safe trials, including the hypothalamus, periaqueductal gray, caudate, precentral gyrus, thalamus, insula, ventrolateral PFC, dorsomedial PFC, and ACC. A subset of these regions demonstrated a linear pattern of increased responding from safe to medium to strong trials, including the bilateral insula, ACC, and inferior frontal gyrus. These responses were modulated by individual differences in neuroticism, such that those high in neuroticism showed exaggerated anxiety experience across the entire task, and reduced brain activation from medium to strong trials in a subset of brain regions. These findings suggest that individual differences in neuroticism may influence sensitivity to anticipatory threat and provide new insights into the mechanism through which neuroticism may confer risk for developing anxiety disorders via dysregulated anticipatory responses.

show abstract

Some effects of immediate versus randomly delayed shock on an instrumental response and cognitive processes.

Cited by 38 publications

References 1 publication

Uncertainty in a context of pain: disliked but also more painful?

Uncertainty in a context of pain: disliked but also more painful?

Self-control and impulsiveness involving aversive events.

Experiential, autonomic, and neural responses during threat anticipation vary as a function of threat intensity and neuroticism

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