Some determinants of communication accuracy.

Abstract

Communication accuracy is defined, and various measures of accuracy which have been employed in the research literature are discussed. Considered as the dependent variable, accuracy in communication is conceptualized as being determined by 5 sets of independent variables: attributes of the communicator, of the addressee, of the channel, of the communication, or of the referent. With these as independent variables, a series of hypotheses is suggested for predicting variations in communication accuracy. For each proposed hypothesis, available research findings are reviewed.A survey of the literature on verbal and nonverbal communication reveals a surprising neglect of the direct study of the problems of communication accuracy. Studies which have some bearing on communication accuracy emerge from diverse areas and are interpreted within unrelated frameworks. For example, Festinger (19S7) hypothesized that the probability of erroneous inferences made from a communication is greater when accurate inferences from that communication can induce dissonance in the decoder. He then interpreted related findings from Cooper and Jahoda's (1947) study as providing support for his dissonance formulation. It is interesting to note that Cooper and Jahoda (1947) considered their study as being relevant to the reaction of prejudiced persons to antiprejudice communications. In these instances, then, the relevance of dissonance or prejudice to distortions in the decoding process was bypassed in the interest of relating hypotheses and findings to the conceptual frameworks involved -that is, whereas Festinger's (1957) theory and Cooper and Jahoda's (1947) study do have some bearing on the phenomena of communication accuracy, this aspect of their investigations was not made explicit.The present paper is an attempt to conceptualize variations in communication accuracy within a framework and to relate relevant findings to that framework.

Sources of Miscomprehension in Television Advertising

“…Research in social and cognitive psychology (1,11,15) has indicated that the level of miscomprehension tends to be higher when the message: (a) is more complex, (b) contains a greater amount of information, (c) is more emotionally loaded, (d) is more abstract, (e) is more disjointed in organization, (f) contains distractions (competing stimuli, music, etc.) and (g) is contextbound (the message would have a different meaning in a different context).…”

“…Finally, audience/receiver factors which are specific to each receiver can contribute to message miscomprehension (1,11,15,19). The most important factors are: (a) previous knowledge and beliefsif a consumer's knowledge structures regarding the product and the message are well formed, one would expect miscomprehension to be less.…”

Facial Feature Tracking Using Efficient Particle Filter and Active Appearance Model

“…The shape is the location of the feature points. If there are h feature points, the shape vector can be represented as (1). The texture is the pixel intensities or colors.…”

“…According to Mehrabian's rule [1], in human-human communication, only seven percent of the information that we send is verbal, 38 percent is sent in acoustic signals, such as tone of voice, and 55 percent is sent through visual signals, such as facial expressions and gestures. Therefore, the ability to understand human non-verbal signals is essential.…”

Effect on Autonomic Activities Due to Differences in the Competitive Environment during Computer Game Task

“…(FF) (NW) (Martens, 1975) (Ravaja et al, 2006;Cooke et al, 2013) (Krantz & Ratliff-Crain, 1989;Sherwood et al, 1989) (Mayet & Hughes, 2003) (Harrison et al, 2001;Veldhuijzen van Zanten et al, 2002) 2004 (Cooke, Kavussanu, McIntyre, & Ring, 2011;Cooke et al, 2013) (Ravaja et al, 2006;Ricarte et al, 2001) (Lim & Reeves, 2010) (Greenberg et al, 2010;Yee, 2006) 2004 (Mehrabian, 1968) …”