Some chemical and physical factors affecting the rate and dunamics of nitrification in urine-affected soil

Monaghan, Rachel; Barraclough, D.

doi:10.1007/bf00009124

Cited by 83 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 24 publications

(17 reference statements)

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…However, emissions may continue for a longer period when the N content is high, and hence may occur partly under different environmental conditions compared with emissions from urine patches with a relatively low total N content. Moreover, high N concentrations in the urine (.16 g N/l; this is within the range of values in Table 1) may, under normal circumstances, temporally inhibit nitrification because of NH 3 toxicity (Monaghan and Barraclough, 1992), which may temporally reduce N 2 O emissions. Higher urine volumes with equal amounts of N generally tend to decrease the fraction of N 2 O emitted.…”

Section: Urinary N As Source Of N 2 O Emissionmentioning

confidence: 61%

Diet effects on urine composition of cattle and N2O emissions

Dijkstra

Oenema

Groenigen

et al. 2013

Animal

302

215

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Ruminant production contributes to emissions of nitrogen (N) to the environment, principally ammonia (NH 3 ), nitrous oxide (N 2 O) and di-nitrogen (N 2 ) to air, nitrate (NO 3 2 ) to groundwater and particulate N to surface waters. Variation in dietary N intake will particularly affect excretion of urinary N, which is much more vulnerable to losses than is faecal N. Our objective is to review dietary effects on the level and form of N excreted in cattle urine, as well as its consequences for emissions of N 2 O. The quantity of N excreted in urine varies widely. Urinary N excretion, in particular that of urea N, is decreased upon reduction of dietary N intake or an increase in the supply of energy to the rumen microorganisms and to the host animal itself. Most of the N in urine (from 50% to well over 90%) is present in the form of urea. Other nitrogenous components include purine derivatives (PD), hippuric acid, creatine and creatinine. Excretion of PD is related to rumen microbial protein synthesis, and that of hippuric acid to dietary concentration of degradable phenolic acids. The N concentration of cattle urine ranges from 3 to 20 g/l. High-dietary mineral levels increase urine volume and lead to reduced urinary N concentration as well as reduced urea concentration in plasma and milk. In lactating dairy cattle, variation in urine volume affects the relationship between milk urea and urinary N excretion, which hampers the use of milk urea as an accurate indicator of urinary N excretion. Following its deposition in pastures or in animal houses, ubiquitous microorganisms in soil and waters transform urinary N components into ammonium (NH 4 1 ), and thereafter into NO 3 2 and ultimately in N 2 accompanied with the release of N 2 O. Urinary hippuric acid, creatine and creatinine decompose more slowly than urea. Hippuric acid may act as a natural inhibitor of N 2 O emissions, but inhibition conditions have not been defined properly yet. Environmental and soil conditions at the site of urine deposition or manure application strongly influence N 2 O release. Major dietary strategies to mitigating N 2 O emission from cattle operations include reducing dietary N content or increasing energy content, and increasing dietary mineral content to increase urine volume. For further reduction of N 2 O emission, an integrated animal nutrition and excreta management approach is required.Keywords: nitrogen, urine, cattle, nitrous oxide, mitigation ImplicationsCattle contribute to global warming through emission of nitrous oxide (N 2 O) from urine and faeces. Urinary nitrogen (N) is much more susceptible to gaseous losses than faecal N. To reduce urinary N excretion and N 2 O emission and improve N efficiency of cattle, dietary levels of N should be decreased and an optimal balance between N and energy substrates in the diet should be aimed at. Increasing urine volume by increased dietary mineral contents appears a promising N 2 O mitigation strategy, particularly in pasture. Further reduction of effective mitigation strategies...

show abstract

Section: Urinary N As Source Of N 2 O Emissionmentioning

confidence: 61%

Diet effects on urine composition of cattle and N2O emissions

Dijkstra

Oenema

Groenigen

et al. 2013

Animal

302

215

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Figures 2 and 3). Monaghan and Barraclough (1992) also observed NO − 2 accumulation at high urine-N concentrations, while found a direct relationship between NO − 2 accumulation and N 2 O emissions at pH 8, but not at pH 5.6-6.5. Nitrous oxide can be produced by nitrifiers via two different pathways (Wrage et al, 2001).…”

Section: Effects On Nitrificationmentioning

confidence: 69%

“…According to the relationship described by Monaghan and Barraclough (1992), this level of NH 3 (aq) could have given a > 50% reduction of nitrification rates. In the present experiment, net accumulation of NO − 3 in LU, HU and LUN after 9 days were 90, 63 and 116 mg N kg −1 , confirming that nitrification was delayed at the higher urea level.…”

Section: Effects On Nitrificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The regulation of nitrification and denitrification in urine patches is not well understood, and N 2 O emissions may result from a combination of several factors, including elevated soil moisture, stresses caused by dissolved ammonia, NH 3 (aq), and/or low osmotic potential, and elevated oxygen demand due to carbon leakage from scorched roots and possibly lysed microorganisms (Monaghan and Barraclough, 1992;Richards and Wolton, 1975;Stark and Firestone, 1995). If denitrification is restricted by NO − 3 availability, then overlapping urine patches with NO − 3 from a previous deposition could have elevated rates of N 2 O emission.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Short-term nitrous oxide emissions from pasture soil as influenced by urea level and soil nitrate

Petersen¹,

Stamatiadis²,

Christofides³

2004

Plant Soil

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Nitrogen excreted by cattle during grazing is a significant source of atmospheric nitrous oxide (N 2 O). The regulation of N 2 O emissions is not well understood, but may vary with urine composition and soil conditions. This laboratory study was undertaken to describe short-term effects on N 2 O emissions and soil conditions, including microbial dynamics, of urea amendment at two different rates (22 and 43 g N m −2 ). The lower urea concentration was also combined with an elevated soil NO , pH, electrical conductivity and dissolved organic C were quantified. Microbial dynamics were followed by measurements of CO 2 evolution, by analyses of membrane lipid (PLFA) composition, and by measurement of potential ammonium oxidation and denitrifying enzyme activity. The total recovery of 15 N averaged 84%. Conversion of urea-N to NO − 3 was evident, but nitrification was delayed at the highest urea concentration and was accompanied by an accumulation of NO − 2 . Nitrous oxide emissions were also delayed at the highest urea amendment level, but accelerated towards the end of the study. The pH interacted with NH + 4 to produce inhibitory concentrations of NH 3 (aq) at the highest urea concentration, and there was evidence for transient negative effects of urea amendment on both nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria in this treatment. However, PLFA dynamics indicated that initial inhibitory effects were replaced by increased microbial activity and net growth. It is concluded that urea-N level has qualitative, as well as quantitative effects on soil N transformations in urine patches.

show abstract

“…However, as water drains and oxygen re-enters the soil, nitrification quickly resumes as the bacteria population recovers. The nitrification rate is also significantly slower when the soil is dry, although it still can occur near the wilting point (−1500 kPa) [55]. In dry environments, a surge in microbial activity (including nitrification) is commonly seen when a soil is rewetted by irrigation or rainfall following a prolonged dry period.…”

Section: Nitrification and Denitrificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nitrogen Related Diffuse Pollution from Horticulture Production—Mitigation Practices and Assessment Strategies

Cameira

Mota

2017

Horticulturae

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Abstract:Agriculture is considered one of the main nitrogen (N) pollution sources through the diffuse emissions of ammonia (NH 3 ) and nitrous oxide (N 2 O) to the atmosphere and nitrate (NO 3 − ) to water bodies. The risk is particularly high in horticultural production systems (HPS), where the use of water and fertilizers is intensive and concentrated in space and time, and more specifically, in the case of vegetable crops that have high growth rates, demanding an abundant supply of water and nitrogen forms. Therefore, to comply with the EU environmental policies aimed at reducing diffuse pollution in agriculture, there is the need for mitigation practices or strategies acting at different levels such as the source, the timing and the transport of N. HPS are often well suited for improvement practices, but efficient and specific tools capable of describing and quantifying N losses for these particular production systems are required. The most common mitigation strategies found in the literature relate to crop, irrigation and fertilization management. Nevertheless, only the success of a mitigation strategy under specific conditions will allow its implementation to be increasingly targeted and more cost effective. Assessment methods are therefore required to evaluate and to quantify the impact of mitigation strategies in HPS and to select the most promising ones.

show abstract

Some chemical and physical factors affecting the rate and dunamics of nitrification in urine-affected soil

Cited by 83 publications

References 24 publications

Diet effects on urine composition of cattle and N2O emissions

Diet effects on urine composition of cattle and N2O emissions

Short-term nitrous oxide emissions from pasture soil as influenced by urea level and soil nitrate

Nitrogen Related Diffuse Pollution from Horticulture Production—Mitigation Practices and Assessment Strategies

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About