Some Characteristics of Soil Crusts Formed by Simulated Rainfall

Tackett, J. L.; Pearson, R. W.

doi:10.1097/00010694-196506000-00010

Cited by 135 publications

(67 citation statements)

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“…As a result of the raindrops impacts the mean bulk density of the soil surface increases with time by an increment, Apo(t), up to a maximum of Apg, dependent on the soil conditions. Studies on the increase of the bulk density of soils exposed to rainfall showed that the more the soil is compacted, the less it could be compacted further [Tackett and Pearson, 1965 …”

Section: Formulation Of the Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling the dynamics of seal formation and its effect on infiltration as related to soil and rainfall characteristics

Assouline¹,

Mualem²

1997

Water Resources Research

124

108

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Abstract. The main physical aspects of soil surface seal formation caused by rainfall are modeled. The proposed model relates the surface sealing to the specific hydraulic and mechanical properties of the initially undisturbed soil as well as the physical characteristics of the rainfall applied, under given initial and boundary conditions defining the flow system. The soil disturbance resulting from the raindrop impacts is expressed in terms of an increase of the initial soil bulk density. The dynamics of seal formation at the soil surface are found to be related to the following variables: the rainfall intensity, the second moment of the drop-size density distribution, the maximal drop diameter, the compaction limit of the given soil, and its initial shear strength, which depends upon the initial soil bulk density and water content. Following Mualem and Assouline [1989], a nonuniform seal is considered, represented by an exponentially decreasing function of the bulk density with depth. The seal thickness is assumed to be d•pendent upon the rainfall rate. Its steady state value is assumed to be reached shortly after the beginning of rainfall so that it might be considered as constant during the stage of formation. A calibration procedure is presented on the basis of measured infiltration under sealing conditions. The results show that the proposed model addresses the main factors affecting soil sealing formation and is able to simulate the process of infiltration through sealing soils under saturated as well as unsaturated flow conditions.

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Section: Formulation Of the Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling the dynamics of seal formation and its effect on infiltration as related to soil and rainfall characteristics

Assouline¹,

Mualem²

1997

Water Resources Research

124

108

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“…Such irrigations increase production costs, magnify the risk of seedling disease caused by, for example, Pythium spp. (Franc et al, 2001), and may actually increase crust strength where surface soil structure is destroyed by cumulative sprinkler droplet impact (Tackett and Pearson, 1965). Irrigation systems can be modified, however, to reduce sprinkler droplet kinetic energy, thereby protecting the soil and increasing emergence (Lehrsch et al, 2005;Lehrsch et al, 1996).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polymer and sprinkler droplet energy effects on sugar beet emergence, soil penetration resistance, and aggregate stability

2005

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Polymers in water applied to soil surfaces may increase aggregate stability and reduce aggregate slaking, thus minimizing crusting and increasing sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) emergence. We studied a cationic organic polymer, Nalcolyte 8102, manufactured by Ondeo Nalco Co., Naperville, IL, USA. The material's active ingredient is a poly diallyldimethyl ammonium chloride (polyDADMAC), a proprietary quaternary polyamine. Surface-applied Nalcolyte 8102 and droplet energy were evaluated in laboratory and field studies for their effects on sugar beet emergence, soil penetration resistance (PR), and aggregate stability of two sprinkler irrigated, crust-prone silt loams in Idaho, U.S.A. In the laboratory, Nalcolyte 8102 at 1.1 Mg active ingredient (a.i.) ha -1 was applied in 74,000 L of solution ha-1 of wetted area; 5.4 Mg a.i. ha -1 was applied in both 50,000 and 105,000 L ha -1 ; and untreated water at 49,000 L ha-1 was applied as a control. These treatments applied a. 7 mm (7 mm3 mm-2) of a 5% by volume solution, 5 mm of a 37% solution, a. 10 mm of an 18% solution, and a. 5 mm of untreated water, respectively. Later, at three field sites, Nalcolyte 8102 at 0.7 and 1.1 Mg a.i. ha -1 were each applied in 74,000 L ha-1 of solution (a. 7 mm of a 3 and 5% solution, respectively) by spraying at planting onto two soils, a Durinodic Xeric Haplocalcid and a Xeric Haplodurid, with sugar beet planted to stand. In the laboratory, Nalcolyte 8102 at 1.1 Mg ha -1 increased emergence 2.5-fold (32% to 80%) and reduced PR 3.5-fold (1.34 MPa to 0.39 MPa) at 22 days after planting (DAP), compared with controls. In the field, 0.7 and 1.1 Mg ha -1 increased emergence 1.2-fold (48.4 to about 58.3%) 50 DAP and increased aggregate stability after treatment 1.4-fold (68% to 97%) one DAP and 1.2-fold (76% to about 89%) 50 DAP, relative to an untreated control that received no water.Abbreviations: PR-soil penetration resistance; polyDADMAC-poly diallyldimethyl ammonium chloride; a.i.-active ingredient; DAP-days after planting; NA-not applicable; d 50-median volumetric drop diameter; ANOVA-analysis of variance; ECe-electrical conductivity of the saturated paste extract; SARsodium adsorption ratio.

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“…This occurs because the recently tilled soil undergoes a process of reconsolidation over time, which is accelerated by the phenomenon of soil wetting and drying. In addition, the force of the rain in itself is a notable factor for compaction of the soil surface, as shown in the classic studies of Duley (1939) and Tackett and Pearson (1965). The soil mobilization carried out in these treatments intensifies, by mechanical action, the rupture of the aggregates which, with the impact of the raindrops, favors the formation of surface sealing (Abid and Lal, 2009), which represents an increase in density in the first millimeters of the soil surface (Ries and Hirt, 2008).…”

Section: Soil Cover and Physical Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 98%

Effect of Soil Tillage and Plant Residue on Surface Roughness of an Oxisol Under Simulated Rain

Panachuki

Bertol

Sobrinho

et al. 2015

Rev. Bras. Ciênc. Solo

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Surface roughness of the soil is formed by mechanical tillage and is also influenced by the kind and amount of plant residue, among other factors. Its persistence over time mainly depends on the fundamental characteristics of rain and soil type. However, few studies have been developed to evaluate these factors in Latossolos (Oxisols). In this study, we evaluated the effect of soil tillage and of amounts of plant residue on surface roughness of an Oxisol under simulated rain. Treatments consisted of the combination of the tillage systems of no-tillage (NT), conventional tillage (CT), and minimum tillage (MT) with rates of plant residue of 0, 1, and 2 Mg ha -1 of oats (Avena strigosa Schreb) and 0, 3, and 6 Mg ha -1 of maize (Zea mays L.). Seven simulated rains were applied on each experimental plot, with intensity of 60±2 mm h -1 and duration of 1 h at weekly intervals. The values of the random roughness index ranged from 2.94 to 17.71 mm in oats, and from 5.91 to 20.37 mm in maize, showing that CT and MT are effective in increasing soil surface roughness. It was seen that soil tillage operations carried out with the chisel plow and the leveling disk harrow are more effective in increasing soil roughness than those carried out with the heavy disk harrow and leveling disk harrow. The roughness index of the soil surface decreases exponentially with the increase in the rainfall volume applied under conditions of no tillage without soil cover, conventional tillage, and minimum tillage. The oat and maize crop residue present on the soil surface is effective in maintaining the roughness of the soil surface under no-tillage.

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Some Characteristics of Soil Crusts Formed by Simulated Rainfall

Cited by 135 publications

References 0 publications

Modeling the dynamics of seal formation and its effect on infiltration as related to soil and rainfall characteristics

Modeling the dynamics of seal formation and its effect on infiltration as related to soil and rainfall characteristics

Polymer and sprinkler droplet energy effects on sugar beet emergence, soil penetration resistance, and aggregate stability

Effect of Soil Tillage and Plant Residue on Surface Roughness of an Oxisol Under Simulated Rain

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