Some characteristics of average steady-state and transient responses evoked by modulated light

Regan, D.

doi:10.1016/0013-4694(66)90088-5

Cited by 473 publications

(294 citation statements)

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“…The rate of modulation often used for humans and non-human primates is 7.5 or 8.0 Hz, which is equivalent to 15 to 16 reversals per second (Plant, Hess, and Thomas, 1986;Salgarello et al, 1999;Viswanathan, Frishman, and Robson, 2000). This rate should produce optimal response amplitudes over other rates of modulation, as it is the peak temporal-frequency in the human temporalmodulation function determined electrophysiologically Plant et al, 1986;Porciatti et al, 1992;Regan, 1966;Simon, 1992). Animal studies also have found the peak frequency to be in this range of temporal modulation:…”

Section: Temporal Modulationmentioning

confidence: 95%

Spatial contrast sensitivity of birds

2006

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Contrast sensitivity (CS) is the ability of the observer to discriminate between adjacent stimuli on the basis of their differences in relative luminosity (contrast) rather than their absolute luminances. Prior to this study, birds had been thought to have low contrast detection thresholds relative to mammals and fishes. This was a surprising phenomenon because birds had been traditionally attributed with superior vision. In addition, the low CS of birds could not be explained by retinal or optical factors, or secondary stimulus characteristics. Unfortunately, avian contrast sensitivity functions (CSFs) were sparse in the literature, so it was unknown whether low contrast sensitivity was a general phenomenon in birds. This study measured CS in six species of birds The quail and pigeon data obtained in this experiment fit well with existing CS data for these species. The kestrel data were not similar to kestrel data in the literature; however the data in the literature were collected from a single subject. All of the birds studied had contrast sensitivities that were consistent with their retinal or optical morphologies relative to other birds (in species for which such data exists) and seem well suited for their natural environments. In addition, all of these birds exhibited low CS relative to humans and most mammals, which suggests that low CS is a general phenomenon of birds.Explanations for this avian low CS phenomenon include a possible trade-off between contrast mechanisms and UV mechanisms in cone systems, and lateral inhibitory mechanisms that are perhaps categorically different from mammals. Lateral inhibition affects contrast gain, and has been shown to differ according to ganglion cell types, which in turn will differ in vertebrate species.

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Section: Temporal Modulationmentioning

confidence: 95%

Spatial contrast sensitivity of birds

2006

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“…; V200A: t(15) = 1.7, n.s.. et al, 1990, 1992): specifically, external temporal regularities can impose modulations of the pacemaker frequency so as to entrain the internal clock (Treisman et al, 1992). Similarly, intrinsic neural oscillations match the temporal scales of perceptual phenomena (Buzsáki and Draguhn, 2004;Roopun et al, 2008;van Wassenhove, 2009;Wang, 2010) and can be entrained to external rhythms (Rees et al, 1986;Regan, 1966). As such, neural oscillations have been hypothesized as natural pacemakers for conscious time estimation (Buhusi and Meck, 2005;Pöppel, 1997;Treisman et al, 1990;Varela et al, 1981).…”

Section: Neural Oscillations As Pacemakers For the Encoding Of Timementioning

confidence: 99%

“…They have also been proposed to serve parsing and informational chunking of sensory information over time (VanRullen and Koch, 2003) notably for complex temporal structures such as speech (Giraud and Poeppel, 2012). Indeed, neural oscillations are known to be entrained to external rhythms (Rees et al, 1986;Regan, 1966) and this entrainment may allow the alignment of cortical processing to the timing of sensory events (Giraud and Poeppel, 2012;Schroeder and Lakatos, 2009). As such, this mechanism naturally provides a means for the brain to internalize external temporal regularities (Schroeder and Lakatos, 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Encoding of event timing in the phase of neural oscillations

2014

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a b s t r a c t a r t i c l e i n f oTime perception is a critical component of conscious experience. To be in synchrony with the environment, the brain must deal not only with differences in the speed of light and sound but also with its computational and neural transmission delays. Here, we asked whether the brain could actively compensate for temporal delays by changing its processing time. Specifically, can changes in neural timing or in the phase of neural oscillation index perceived timing? For this, a lag-adaptation paradigm was used to manipulate participants' perceived audiovisual (AV) simultaneity of events while they were recorded with magnetoencephalography (MEG). Desynchronized AV stimuli were presented rhythmically to elicit a robust 1 Hz frequency-tagging of auditory and visual cortical responses. As participants' perception of AV simultaneity shifted, systematic changes in the phase of entrained neural oscillations were observed. This suggests that neural entrainment is not a passive response and that the entrained neural oscillation shifts in time. Crucially, our results indicate that shifts in neural timing in auditory cortices linearly map participants' perceived AV simultaneity. To our knowledge, these results provide the first mechanistic evidence for active neural compensation in the encoding of sensory event timing in support of the emergence of time awareness.

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“…This theory took into account pioneer experiments performed by van der Tweel (1961), Spekreijse and van der Tweel (1972), Lopes da Silva, van Rotterdam, Storm van Tielen (1970a, 1970b), and Regan (1966). With respect to the brain, resonance is defined as the ability of brain networks to facilitate (or activate) electrical transmission within determined frequency bands, when an external sensory stimulation signal is applied to the brain (Başar, 1972(Başar, , 1980.…”

Section: Resonance Phenomena In the Brain And Methods Of Investigationmentioning

confidence: 99%