A confluence of technologies is leading towards revolutionary new interactions between robust data sets, state-ofthe-art models and simulations, high-data-rate sensors, and high-performance computing. Data and data systems are central to these new developments in various forms of eScience or grid systems. Space science missions are developing multi-spacecraft, distributed, communications-and computation-intensive, adaptive mission architectures that will further add to the data avalanche. Fortunately, Knowledge Discovery in Database (KDD) tools are rapidly expanding to meet the need for more efficient information extraction and knowledge generation in this data-intensive environment. Concurrently, scientific data management is being augmented by content-based metadata and semantic services. Archiving, eScience and KDD all require a solid foundation in interoperability and systems architecture. These concepts are illustrated through examples of space science data preservation, archiving, and access, including application of the ISO-standard Open Archive Information System (OAIS) architecture.A confluence of new technologies (internet, XML and Web Services, broadband networking, high-speed computation, distributed Grid computing, ontologies and semantic representation) is dramatically changing the data landscape. Distributed data and computing resources are more and more being linked together in virtual observatories and grid systems. Focusing only on possibilities emerging from virtual observatories (e.g., NVO, 2005), however, may distract us from the prime objective -support of science research.This confluence of new technologies provides a greatly enhanced synergism, illustrated in Figure 1, between robust data sets (Data), state-of-the-art models and simulations (Model), high-data-rate sensors (Sensor), and highperformance computing (HPC). In the late 20 th century, a major revolution in chaotic systems and nonlinear dynamics arose because of a new coupling of models and high-performance computing. Similarly, we expect that the emerging linkage of rich data sets, high-performance computing, models and sensors will lead to even greater scientific impact. Data-driven science is already advancing in numerous domains as a separate research discipline (e.g., Bioinformatics and Geographic Information Systems) in the same way that computational science has become an established research endeavor.The need for this Data-Model-HPC-Sensor synergism derives from the following set of drivers.