Some Boiling and Triple Points Below 0° C

Lovejoy, Derek

doi:10.1038/197353a0

Cited by 33 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…In the view of the low uncertainty for realization of the triple point, the triple point of Xe and triple point of SF 6 has pos sibility as alternatives of the triple point of mercury [14][15][16][17][18]. Compared with those candidates, CO 2 is convenient because of its low cost, ready availability, and nontoxicity, however, the published values of the triplepoint temperature of CO 2 were found to differ in a wide range [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29]. This variance may have been caused by the effects of impurities and solid structures such as crystal defects, and the temperature scale itself used for the realization of the triple point [30][31][32].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Realization of the triple point of carbon dioxide evaluated by the ITS–90

Kawamura

Matsumoto²,

Nakano

2020

Metrologia

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We performed a precise temperature measurement of the triple point of carbon dioxide (CO2), which is one of the secondary reference points of the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS–90), using an adiabatic calorimeter with five capsule-type standard platinum resistance thermometers (SPRTs). Impurity analyses showed that the purity of the CO2 sample was 99.999 37%. A thermal treatment process before the realization of the triple point reduced the width of the melting curve of the triple point of CO2 and increased the linearity of the melting curves with respect to the inverse of the melting fraction F. We determined the triple-point temperature of CO2 at the liquidus point by extrapolating the six melting curves obtained after the thermal treatment process. The triple-point temperature of CO2 measured in this work is 216.590 90 K 0.36 mK (k = 1). This result indicates that the triple point of CO2 can potentially be used as a fixed point based on the ITS–90 to replace the triple point of mercury.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Realization of the triple point of carbon dioxide evaluated by the ITS–90

Kawamura

Matsumoto²,

Nakano

2020

Metrologia

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“…I n order to assign temperatures to the resistance values obtained for the resistance thermometer a t the triple point of Argon, the Callendar-van Dusen equation was extrapolated. The temperature values t* thus obtained may be related to the NBS-55 scale as shown by LOVEJOY [2].…”

Section: The Thermometermentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Introduction Since the early days of X-ray physics the x unit (XU), proposed by SIEQBAHN [I] and based upon the grating constant of calcite, has been used as an independently defined length unit in the X-ray region. The definition of the x unit involves some serious disadvantages which recently led BEARDEN [2] to introduce the A* scale defined by the wavelength of the W K a , line. A review of the origins and developments of the X-ray wavelength scales has recently been published by THOMSEN and BURR [3].…”

Section: The Thermometermentioning

confidence: 99%

Triple Point of Argon

Ancsin

Phillips

1969

Metrologia

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of 2.5 cm long by 1.6 cm diameter copper tube having The triple point of pure Argon has been measured and the several overlapping copper baffles.value obtained is t* --189.3331 OC where t* refers to a tem-The differential thermocouple with its junctions at F a t W scale obtain& by extraPolati'% the Cal1endar-the sample chamber and the heat exchanger respecvan D w n equation. Several samples from two suppliers were tively showed that, in the initial design, at the triple The experiments indicated that large thermal gradiente may point of argon the heat exchanger was very much erraily be set up within the melting Argon sample and that warmer than the samde when in vacuum. It was and all the obtain& were within a qread rather careful heat leak control and e x b ~m e n k 1 p r o d m is necessary for precise melting point determination.

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“…Large mammals represent a valuable source of protein; thus, the intelligence required to pinpoint and utilize them properly would be of great adaptive value in life's struggles. However, large brains have costs, for instance in increasing the hazards of childbirth and in requiring much parental attention to offspring, but apparently for our ancestors the costs were worth it (Lovejoy 1981).…”

Section: Human Evolutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Darwinism and Determinism

Ruse

1987

Zygon

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Does Darwinism generally, and human sociobiology in particular, lead to an unwarranted (and possibly socially offensive) determinism? I argue that one must separate out different senses of determinism, and that once one has done this, a Darwinian approach to human nature can be seen to shed important light on our intuitions about free will, constraint, and control.Keywords: ogy.Darwinism; determinism; free will; human sociobiol-Charles Darwin's great work On the Origin of Species was published in 1859. Only now, however, are we starting to appreciate and explore the full implications of Darwin's message: that all organisms including ourselves are the product of a long, slow natural process of evolution brought on primarily by the mechanism of natural selection. It is true, indeed, that Darwin himself appreciated the significance of his work. Particularly in his later publication Descent of Man (1871), Darwin showed how he thought his theory impinges upon the most distinctive facets of our natures-including our claim to be moral beings. Yet for many reasons-the incompleteness of the theory, outside hostility, and especially in this century the growth of the social sciences-few felt ready or able to respond to the full challenge and opportunity shown by the Origin.Hence, even as the twentieth century draws to an end, most people are quite indifferent to their evolutionary origins. Although in the intellectual community there are few if any who take literally the story of Genesis, the general presumption is that humans are distinct and unique, as if we were in fact the favored creation of a good god some 6,000 years ago rather than modified monkeys. Homo sapiens is thought to be beyond biology in all important respects.

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Some Boiling and Triple Points Below 0° C

Cited by 33 publications

References 6 publications

Realization of the triple point of carbon dioxide evaluated by the ITS–90

Realization of the triple point of carbon dioxide evaluated by the ITS–90

Triple Point of Argon

Darwinism and Determinism

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