Some basic aspects of flame resistance of polymeric materials

Krevelen, D.W. Van

doi:10.1016/0032-3861(75)90157-3

Cited by 968 publications

(519 citation statements)

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“…Samples of mixed resin were poured into round moulds (5 cm diameter, 3 mm depth), allowed to cure at room temperature for 24 h, and then post cured at 80 °C for a further 6 h in an oven. These curing conditions used for UP are similar to those reported in our previous publications [4,9].…”

Section: Preparation Of Cured Resin Plaquessupporting

confidence: 71%

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Flame Retardance and Physical Properties of Novel Cured Blends of Unsaturated Polyester and Furan Resins

2015

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Novel blends of two furan resins with an unsaturated polyester have been prepared and cured by parallel free radical (for the unsaturated polyester) and acid-catalysed crosslinking (for the furan resin) to give co-cured composite materials. Although these materials have inferior physical properties, such as low Tg and low storage modulus compared with those of unsaturated polyester and furan resins alone, they show markedly improved flame retardance compared with that of the normally highly flammable unsaturated polyester. This increased flame retardance arises from a condensed phase mechanism in which the furanic component forms a semi-protective char, reducing rates of thermal degradation and total heat release and heat of combustion. The blends also burn with reduced smoke output compared with that from unsaturated polyester alone.

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Section: Preparation Of Cured Resin Plaquessupporting

confidence: 71%

“…It is well known that the char-forming tendency of a polymer is a measure of its fire retardancy [9] as char is formed at the expense of the formation of combustible volatiles. Since flaming combustion is a gas-phase process, any combustible material needs first to degrade to yield combustible volatiles to fuel the conflagration.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flame Retardance and Physical Properties of Novel Cured Blends of Unsaturated Polyester and Furan Resins

2015

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“…This value may indicate their good flame-retardant properties. 25 The limited oxygen index values, which were calculated using a linear relation with the char residue, limited oxygen index ¼ 17.5 þ 0.4 char residue, 26,27 were in the range of 36-44%. Therefore, such polymers can also be classified as self-extinguishing polymers.…”

Section: Thermal Properties Of Peismentioning

confidence: 99%

Structure and properties of new highly soluble aromatic poly(etherimide)s containing isopropylidene groups

Wolińska‐Grabczyk

Schab‐Balcerzak

Grabiec

et al. 2013

Polym J

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A series of amorphous poly(etherimide)s (PEIs) was synthesized from 4,4 0 -(4,4 0 -isopropylidene-diphenoxy)bis(phthalic anhydride) and different diamines or from 4,4 0 -(4,4 0 -isopropylidene-diphenyl-1,1 0 -diyldioxy)dianiline and 4,4 0 -(hexafluoroisopropylidene)diphthalic anhydride. The structures of the obtained PEIs were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), 1 H and 13 C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopies ( 1 H and 13 C NMR) and by elemental analysis. These polymers show excellent solubility in a broad range of solvents and produce strong and flexible films. The films were examined using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) and mechanical testing, and were characterized by gas transport measurements. The obtained films exhibit thermal stability up to 500 1C, good mechanical properties and a CO 2 permeability of 7.85 Barrer with a CO 2 /N 2 selectivity of 21.2 for the polymer that contains hexafluoroisopropylidene moieties. The effects of the chemical structures on the physical and gas permeation properties were studied. The introduction of bulky cardo or hexafluoroisopropylidene moieties into the polymer chain increases the glass transition temperature (T g ) and fractional free volume (FFV), while the incorporation of additional ether linkages produces the opposite effect. Using an existing free volume approach, we found that the permeabilities of the studied PEIs are well correlated with their FFVs. Polymer Journal (2013) 45, 1202-1209; doi:10.1038/pj.2013.49; published online 22 May 2013 Keywords: gas transport properties; poly(etherimide)s; polyimides; thermal properties INTRODUCTION Aromatic polyimides (PIs) were first produced in 1908; since then, interest in this type of polymers has been growing because of their exceptional properties, such as excellent thermal, thermo-oxidative and dimensional stability; high radiation and solvent resistance; low dielectric constant; and unusually good mechanical properties. [1][2][3] This unique combination of properties makes PIs ideal for a variety of applications, for example, in microelectronics, microelectromechanical systems, aerospace and photoelectronics or as gas separation membranes, materials for memory devices, alignment layers in liquid crystal displays, and redox-active, electrochromic polymers. 3-6 Although many excellent polyimides are known and commercially available, new polyimides are emerging as research continues on the chemical structure-property correlations and on the search for new compounds with unique combinations of properties for special applications. Recently, particular attention has been paid to new materials and technologies for gas separation applications because of environmental concerns and economic interests. Polymeric gas separation membranes exhibit good mechanical properties, often

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“…It is a quality control tool for determining the relative flammability of polymeric materials. The estimated LOI (calculated from van Krevelen's numerical method 30,31 from the char yields at 800°C) for the samples is shown in Table 2. Table 2 shows the HRC values of the enzymatically synthesized homopolymers and copolymers of BHDB and MHDB.…”

Section: Chemical Structure (Ftir-atr Analysis)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Halogen-free ultra-high flame retardant polymers through enzyme catalysis

Ravichandran

Nagarajan

et al. 2012

Green Chem.

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Over the past few years, the use of certain types of halogenated flame retardant additives such as decabromodiphenylether has come under intense scrutiny due to their toxicity, environmental persistence and bio-accumulation. There is an immediate need for the development of non-toxic alternative flame retardant materials and fire resistant polymers with comparable or better efficacies, obtained using benign synthetic approaches. Enzymatic polymerization is being used increasingly as an environmentally friendly alternative method for the synthesis of functional materials including polymers and additives. Here, we report a biocatalytic synthesis of a new class of thermally stable, ultra-fire resistant polyphenols based on deoxybenzoins. In calorimetric studies, these polyphenols exhibit very low heat release capacities (comparable to Nomex™) and form a large amount of carbonaceous char rendering them suitable for flame retardant applications.

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Some basic aspects of flame resistance of polymeric materials

Cited by 968 publications

References 1 publication

Flame Retardance and Physical Properties of Novel Cured Blends of Unsaturated Polyester and Furan Resins

Flame Retardance and Physical Properties of Novel Cured Blends of Unsaturated Polyester and Furan Resins

Structure and properties of new highly soluble aromatic poly(etherimide)s containing isopropylidene groups

Halogen-free ultra-high flame retardant polymers through enzyme catalysis

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