Some Aspects of the Physiology of Animals Surviving Complete Exclusion of Sympathetic Nerve Impulses

Cannon, W. B.; Newton, Harvey; Bright, Elizabeth M.; Menkin, Valy; Moore, Rustin M.

doi:10.1152/ajplegacy.1929.89.1.84

Cited by 242 publications

(26 citation statements)

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“…Attempts to show that the sympathetic nervous system has a role in maintaining the BMR in euthyroid animals have also been unsuccessful (28,44,45). If one removes the adrenal medulla and the thyroid, however, it is then possible to depress the hypothyroid BMR and kill rats with either reserpine or guanethidine in doses that have no lethal or BMR-depressing effects in hypothyroid rats with intact adrenal medullas.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Studies on the Interactions of Thyroid Hormone and Catecholamines*

Bray¹

1964

J. Clin. Invest.

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Since the original demonstration by MagnusLevy (1) of the rise in respiratory exchange after feeding thyroid and the synthesis of thyroxine by Harington and Barger (2), the physiological effects of insufficient and of excess amounts of thyroid hormone have been well described (3). The cellular and biochemical mechanism by which thyroid hormones produce these effects is, however, still far from clear. Numerous studies have shown a direct effect of thyroxine on various in vitro systems (4), but these effects are often difficult to relate to the physiological effects of thyroid hormone.The resemblance of the symptoms of hyperthyroidism to the effects of sympathomimetic amines has given rise to the concept that the primary effect of thyroxine may be to alter the tissue sensitivity to epinephrine and norepinephrine. Substantial evidence, both clinical and experimental, has accumulated to support the idea that sensitivity to catecholamines varies directly with the intensity of action of thyroid hormone (5-16).Evidence for the converse hypothesis, i.e., that the tissue response to thyroxine is mediated by the action of catecholamines, is difficult to interpret. It is relatively easy to alter the state of thyroid activity and then test the response to catecholamines. It is far more difficult to remove completely sources of catecholamines before testing the effect of thyroxine. Although many studies (17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23) ine when catecholamines have been blocked by various pharmacological agents. Consequently the question of whether thyroxine acts only through its effects on catecholamines remains unsettled.In an effort to shed further light on this problem, studies using a combination of surgical and pharmacological techniques have been carried out. The effect of thyroid hormones and reserpine independently and in combination on thyroidectomized or thyroidectomized and adrenodemedullated rats has been investigated using metabolic rate, heart rate, and growth as indicators of response. MethodsMale rates of the hooded or albino strains from the Mill Hill breeding stock were used for thyroidectomy and adrenodemedullation, which was performed under ether anesthesia. Thyroidectomy was done through a mid-line incision (29), and to destroy any remaining thyroid tissue, 25 to 50 ,uc of I"8 was given 1 week after the operation. Adrenodemedullation, performed through bilateral flank incision at the same time as thyroidectomy, was done by mobilizing the adrenals and incising the capsule. The medulla and cortex were then removed from the capsule by gentle pressure on each side of the adrenal. Tap water was given postoperatively, since in our experience drinking water containing 0.9% sodium chloride did not alter survival. Animals were not used until at least 6 weeks after operation, at which time the hooded rats weighed 148 g and the albino rats 187 g, on the average. At the end of the studies on adrenodemedullated animals the adrenals were removed, homogenized in 10 ml of cold 5% trichloroacetic acid, and centrifuged. The ...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Studies on the Interactions of Thyroid Hormone and Catecholamines*

Bray¹

1964

J. Clin. Invest.

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“…Minimal effects are also observed after sympathectomy. Complete removal of the sympathetic chains in cats left the animals in good health for many months after the surgery, although they became very sensitive to a cold environment [66]. Likewise, in humans in which sympathetic innervation of the gastrointestinal tract is removed for vascular disease or pain, there is no significant morbidity [67,68].…”

Section: Essential Nature Of the Ens In Contrast To Innervation Frommentioning

confidence: 99%

The Enteric Nervous System and Gastrointestinal Innervation: Integrated Local and Central Control

Furness

Callaghan

Rivera

et al. 2014

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology

638

648

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The digestive system is innervated through its connections with the central nervous system (CNS) and by the enteric nervous system (ENS) within the wall of the gastrointestinal tract. The ENS works in concert with CNS reflex and command centers and with neural pathways that pass through sympathetic ganglia to control digestive function. There is bidirectional information flow between the ENS and CNS and between the ENS and sympathetic prevertebral ganglia.The ENS in human contains 200-600 million neurons, distributed in many thousands of small ganglia, the great majority of which are found in two plexuses, the myenteric and submucosal plexuses. The myenteric plexus forms a continuous network that extends from the upper esophagus to the internal anal sphincter. Submucosal ganglia and connecting fiber bundles form plexuses in the small and large intestines, but not in the stomach and esophagus. The connections between the ENS and CNS are carried by the vagus and pelvic nerves and sympathetic pathways. Neurons also project from the ENS to prevertebral ganglia, the gallbladder, pancreas and trachea.The relative roles of the ENS and CNS differ considerably along the digestive tract. Movements of the striated muscle esophagus are determined by neural pattern generators in the CNS. Likewise the CNS has a major role in monitoring the state of the stomach and, in turn, controlling its contractile activity and acid secretion, through vago-vagal reflexes. In contrast, the ENS in the small intestine and colon contains full reflex circuits, including sensory neurons, interneurons and several classes of motor neuron, through which muscle activity, transmucosal fluid fluxes, local blood flow and other functions are controlled. The CNS has control of defecation, via the defecation centers in the lumbosacral spinal cord. The importance of the ENS is emphasized by the life-threatening effects of some ENS neuropathies. By contrast, removal of vagal or sympathetic connections with the gastrointestinal tract has minor effects on GI function. Voluntary control of defecation is exerted through pelvic connections, but cutting these connections is not life-threatening and other functions are little affected.

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“…It shows its effectiveness in the rate of pulse, in the transmission of blood from interior organs and skin to the muscles, in the transformation of glycogen into glucose; thus, providing an urgent energy source (Cannon et al, 1929).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of paracetamol and etodolac on plasma adrenaline levels of rats

2014

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Adrenaline, which is released from the adrenal medulla, is an important compound in the reaction of sympathetic nerve system. This hormone can increase the body's normal metabolic rate up to 100 %, and thus improves the effectiveness of the whole body. It has been considered to be involved in the control of inflammation. Therefore, we investigated whether there are effects of paracetamol and etodolac on adrenaline levels of rats after oral administration. The rats were divided into three subgroups while analysing the effects of adrenaline on paracetamol and etodolac. The first group was the control, second group was composed of rats given paracetamol, and third group was composed of rats given etodolac. In order to measure adrenaline plasma concentration, we have used the high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with fluorescence detection. According to the result of the analysis, there are statistically important differences at adrenaline levels between control group and rats-applied drugs. Obtained results showed that although adrenaline level in the paracetamol-applied group decreased, adrenaline level in the etodolac-applied group increased. It is concluded that different effects of etodolac and paracetamol on circulating adrenaline levels can be related to their different effects on inflammation, COX enzymes, prostaglandins, etc. Also we can suggest usage of paracetamol instead of etodolac in patients with cardiovascular system diseases.

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Some Aspects of the Physiology of Animals Surviving Complete Exclusion of Sympathetic Nerve Impulses

Cited by 242 publications

References 0 publications

Studies on the Interactions of Thyroid Hormone and Catecholamines*

Studies on the Interactions of Thyroid Hormone and Catecholamines*

The Enteric Nervous System and Gastrointestinal Innervation: Integrated Local and Central Control

Effects of paracetamol and etodolac on plasma adrenaline levels of rats

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