Some Aspects of Etiology and Prevention of Penile Cancer

Penile cancer

“…49,70 Also, phimosis has been shown to cause dysplastic epidermal changes in the epithelium of the preputial sac 118 and to be an important cofactor necessary to induce experimental carcinogenesis after topical application of 7,12-dimethyl-benzen(a) anthracene in rabbits. 122 Foreskin length has also been considered as a possible additional risk factor, although this association was not confirmed in a recent study. 123 Poor genital hygiene.…”

“…Poor genital hygiene in uncircumcised men, even in the absence of phimosis, may also lead to the retention of microorganisms and secretions, including smegma. 122,124 Whether good standards of genital personal hygiene in uncircumcised males may provide the same level of protection of circumcision against penile SCC has been questioned. 125 Although a lower incidence of penile SCC, even among uncircumcised individuals, is noted in countries and communities with a high standard of genital hygiene and widespread diffusion of private bathing facilities, 52,126,127 a recent study failed to show any correlation between penile cancer and frequency of bathing or method of cleaning the anogenital area directly before and after sexual intercourse.…”

Verrucous Carcinoma of Skin

“…We feel that the first feature has not been emphasized enough. A review of the literature revealed that almost all cases considered to be verrucous carcinoma developed in areas of chronic, often purulent, inflammation (Greenberg & Wallace 1963, Stevanovic 1963, Headington 1966,Kraus& Perez-Mesa 1966, Dawson et al, 1965, Friedberg & Serlin 1963, Job & Riedel 1964, Mosavy & Tayebi 1975, Oranje et al, 1976, Riedel 1966, Shrinivasan & Desikan 1971 or on anatomically moist surfaces such as j mueosa (Wechsler & Fisher 1962, Kraus & Perez-Mesa 1966, Dawson et al, 1965, Job & Riedel 1964, Shrinivasan & Desikan 1971, Spratt & Lee 1977, Ackerman 1948, Abrenio et al, 1977, Gingrass et al, 1978, Minielly et al, 1967, Buschke & Lowenstein 1925, Knoblich & FaUing 1965, Shabad's (1964) interesting experimental work demonstrated the development of giant condylomata in preputium of rabbits by ligating the preputial cavity thus inducing the disintegration of the smegma and producing a chronic balanitis. After a certain period of time, the verrucous growth ap- peared in signifieant numbers of these animals.…”

Circumcision related to urinary tract infections, sexually transmitted infections, human immunodeficiency virus infections, and penile and cervical cancer

“…In the presence of a carcinogen, the enclosed spaces of the preputial sacs promote the development of penile carcinoma . A defined period of smegma exposure is required to induce carcinogenesis .…”

“…In the presence of a carcinogen, the enclosed spaces of the preputial sacs promote the development of penile carcinoma. 72 A defined period of smegma exposure is required to induce carcinogenesis. 73 In a case-control study, the participants who had not been circumcised during childhood were at a 1.5-fold greater risk of penile cancer.…”