‘Some Animals Are More Equal Than Others’: The Hierarchy of Citizenship in Austria

Abstract

While this article aims to explore the connections between

Application of the Weathering Framework: Intersection of Racism, Stigma, and COVID-19 as a Stressful Life Event among African Americans

“…Moreover, preliminary data show that African Americans are disproportionately arrested for social distancing violations [89], increasing the probability of exposure to the stressor of police presence and potentially deadly encounters [86]. These lived experiences of racism, stigma, and COVID-19 further indicate the hierarchy of citizenship, which was previously discussed in this paper, that African Americans in the U.S. face [12].…”

“…Structural racism has been defined as “policies, laws, and regulations that systematically result in differential access to services and opportunities in society based on race” [ 20 ], p. 2. At the core of structural racism may be the “colour-graded hierarchy of citizenship” [ 12 ], p. 2, whereby Whiteness fundamentally defines citizenship, and minority groups, such as African Americans, are not socially regarded as equal to Whites, despite nativity status. A potential product of this phenomenon is that U.S.-born Black mothers experience significantly worse obstetric outcomes, such as preterm birth, low birthweight, and infant mortality, when compared to foreign-born Black mothers living in the U.S. [ 47 , 48 , 49 ].…”

“…Therefore, solutions are needed to enhance community engagement among stakeholders of African American health, augment population and public health funding to promote health equity among African Americans, and increase the number of African American healthcare providers [ 80 ]. These efforts may help mitigate the negative effects of hierarchy of citizenship [ 12 ] that exist among communities of color in the U.S.…”

“…While predisposition to underlying health conditions, such as hypertension, diabetes, high blood pressure, and asthma, play a role in COVID-19 racial disparities, a history of exposure to marginalization, discrimination, and racial trauma resulting from a "hierarchy of citizenship" [12], p.2 and subsequent unequal "citizenship in practice" [12], p.5; systemic barriers such as systematic racism within the healthcare system; likelihood of being uninsured; reduced access to affordable medical testing; and denied access to COVID-19 testing, diagnosis, and management also likely contribute to poor COVID-19 health outcomes among African American populations [12][13][14]. Therefore, the disproportionate impact Healthcare 2021, 9, 145 2 of 14 of COVID-19 on African American communities necessitates an increased focus on the intersectional roles of racism, stigma, and other determinants of health in influencing disease and mortality risk.…”

Demonstrating the Therapeutic Values of Poetry in Doctoral Research: Autoethnographic Steps from the Enchanted Forest to a PhD by Publication Path

“…The question indeed embodies sarcasm, a sense of relief, satisfaction and victory. Indeed, my intrinsic motivation merged with the inherent satisfaction in flipping my negative experience and turning it into my achievements has been the impetus behind many publication efforts (see Lazarus and Okolorie, 2019;Lazarus 2019b;Lazarus, 2019c;Lazarus, 2019d;Lazarus et al 2017;Ibrahim and Komulainen, 2016;Ibrahim, 2016a;Ibrahim, 2016b;Rush and Lazarus, 2018) and the methodological innovation developed (see (Lazarus, 2019d). The above stanza highlights that the critical step to a new beginning is to believe that one is possible.…”