Somatostatin preserved blood brain barrier against cytokine induced alterations: Possible role in multiple sclerosis

Effects of chronic heat exposure on growth performance, intestinal epithelial histology, appetite‐related hormones and genes expression in broilers

“…Most of the intestinal hormones, including appetite inhibitors of CCK, ghrelin, PYY, and SS that are mainly released by intestinal epithelial cells, have a strong inhibition of appetite and can hamper intestinal movements . Ghrelin, originally identified as a growth‐hormone‐releasing peptide released from the stomach of mammals, is an interesting hormone owing to its adverse function on appetite between mammals and poultry, which might be involved in inhibiting feed intake, particularly in young growing chickens .…”

“…30 Most of the intestinal hormones, including appetite inhibitors of CCK, ghrelin, PYY, and SS that are mainly released by intestinal epithelial cells, have a strong inhibition of appetite and can hamper intestinal movements. [31][32][33][34] Ghrelin, originally identified as a growth-hormone-releasing peptide released from the stomach of mammals, is an interesting hormone owing to its adverse function on appetite between mammals and poultry, which might be involved in inhibiting feed intake, particularly in young growing chickens. [35][36][37] The current results showed that heat exposure significantly elevated the intestinal hormone levels of SS, ghrelin, CCK and PYY in the duodenum, as well as SS and ghrelin in the jejunum for 35-day-old broilers, and increased the intestinal hormone levels of SS and PYY in the intestine, as well as ghrelin in the jejunum on day 42 compared with the NC and PF groups.…”

International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. CV. Somatostatin Receptors: Structure, Function, Ligands, and New Nomenclature

“…Pathophysiological factors affecting SRIF and SST 1-5 expression in endothelial cells include hypoxia, which induces SST 4 mRNA expression in human umbilical vein endothelial cells ( Dal Monte et al, 2011 ). In brain endothelial cells, proinflammatory cytokines and lipopolysaccharide upregulate expression of SST 4 as well as SST 2 ( Basivireddy et al, 2013 ). Substantial differences between rat and the human SST 4 have been reported in desensitization after prolonged SRIF treatment.…”

Adeno-associated viral vector-mediated preprosomatostatin expression suppresses induced seizures in kindled rats

“…SST could prevent the accumulation of aberrant neurons through anti-proliferative effects on neural progenitor cells (Lamberts, Krenning, & Reubi, 1991). The ability of SST to potentially reverse the chronic inflammatory response that accompanies TLE (Basivireddy et al, 2013;Vezzani, French, Bartfai, & Baram, 2011) is likely less time sensitive. The anticonvulsant properties of preproSST could be byproducts of its modulatory effects on seizureassociated cell death, aberrant neurogenesis or neuroinflammation but the efficacy of SST treatment on these factors could be time sensitive.…”