Somatostatin Analogues in the Treatment of Neuroendocrine Tumors: Past, Present and Future

Stueven, Anna Kathrin; Kayser, Antonin; Wetz, Christoph; Amthauer, Holger; Wree, Alexander; Tacke, Frank; Wiedenmann, Bertram; Roderburg, Christoph; Jann, Henning

doi:10.3390/ijms20123049

Cited by 142 publications

(161 citation statements)

References 103 publications

(110 reference statements)

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“…Approximately 80% of carcinoid tumors express somatostatin receptors [40]. Octreotide and Lanreotide have also been proven to inhibit tumor growth in randomized phase III trials [41]. A depot form of octreotide, which is administered intramuscularly on a monthly basis, as well as a long-acting formulation of lanreotide, is available for monthly injections [42].…”

Section: IVmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carcinoid Syndrome: A Review

Gade¹,

Olariu²,

Douthit³

2020

Cureus

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Carcinoid syndrome (CS) is a paraneoplastic syndrome caused by the release of serotonin and other substances from well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors (NETs). The hallmark symptoms of carcinoid syndrome are flushing and diarrhea; atypical signs and symptoms can include wheezing, abdominal pain, valvular heart disease, telangiectasias, pellagra, and the complications of mesenteric fibrosis, including ureteral obstruction, bowel obstruction, and bowel ischemia. These symptoms are mediated by the release of serotonin (5-HT), histamine, kallikrein, prostaglandins, and tachykinins. The diagnosis of CS requires these symptoms and corresponding elevations in lab tests. Treatment options include surgery and medical management with somatostatin analogs.

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Section: IVmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carcinoid Syndrome: A Review

Gade¹,

Olariu²,

Douthit³

2020

Cureus

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“…Somatostatin agonists such as lanreotide or long-acting octreotide in combination therapy and/or maintenance therapy may play a significant role in tumor control in patients with GEP-NET who are undergoing PRRT treatment [93,94]; however, the clinical benefit in PHEO/PGL is unclear and further studies are warranted.…”

Section: Chemotherapymentioning

confidence: 99%

Emerging Treatments for Advanced/Metastatic Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma

Ilanchezhian

Jha

Pacák

et al. 2020

Curr. Treat. Options in Oncol.

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Opinion statement The incidence of metastatic pheochromocytoma (PHEO) and paraganglioma (PGL) may occur in as many as 35% of patients particularly with PGL and even more frequently in those with specific mutations. Biochemical, morphological, and molecular markers have been investigated for use in the distinction of benign from malignant PHEO/PGL. PHEO/PGL metastasizes via hematogenous or lymphatic routes and shows differences based on mutational status. The most common sites of involvement in patients that have an SDHB mutation are the bone (78%), lungs (45%), lymph nodes (36%), and liver (35%). In patients with sporadic PHEO/PGL, the most common sites of metastasis are the bones (64%), lungs (47%), lymph nodes (36%), and liver (32%). Metastases may be present at presentation or may occur later. Metastases to the liver and lungs are associated with a shorter survival. Overall, the estimated 5-year survival rates are between 34 and 74%. Currently, treatments for metastatic PHEO/PGL are essentially palliative. Surgery is potentially curative; however, tumor dissemination limits the chance for a curative resection. When surgical intervention is not amenable, the therapeutic options include radiolabeled MIBG (Azedra®—iobenguane 131 was recently FDA-approved for patients > 12 years and older with iobenguane scan positive) or systemic chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and dacarbazine (CVD) with an overall objective response rate (ORR) of less than 40%; however, it is not clear if the administration of CVD impacts overall survival, as nearly all patients develop progressive and ultimately fatal disease. Other treatment modalities under investigation include cytoreductive techniques, novel radiopharmaceuticals, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, immunotherapy, and experimental therapies. Here we are discussing emerging treatment for advanced/metastatic PHEO/PGL.

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“…With regards to medical therapy, a number of observational, longitudinal, and randomized placebo-controlled studies have been conducted in sporadic NETs using somatostatin analogs, peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT), (mTOR) signaling inhibitors, and receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) inhibitors, all collectively showing a statistically significant effect on disease progression (160). Particularly PNETs are difficult to treat medically in MEN1 due to differences in growth potential, concomitant development of other tumors, and relative insensitivity to treatment, such that medical treatments for MEN1-related tumors have not been properly evaluated, but rather have been employed based on recognized effects in patients without MEN1 (161).…”

Section: Diagnosis and Management Of Men1mentioning

confidence: 99%