Somatosensory evoked potentials of the normal human neonate in REM sleep, in slow wave sleep and in waking

Desmedt, Jean Edouard; Manil, Jacqueline

doi:10.1016/0013-4694(70)90114-8

Cited by 107 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…In contrast to the studies on adults, the infant subjects in the present study slept 50% of the time during the measurements. Infants are known to process sensory information in both active and quiet sleep (Desmedt and Manil, 1970;Kotilahti et al, 2005;Pihko, 2004). Since we found activation in areas that coincide with the results from other studies with socially relevant stimuli both in sleeping and awake infants (Lloyd-Fox et al, 2009;Blasi et al, 2011), we conclude that emotional or social information in the infant brain are processed also during sleep.…”

Section: Eh J€ Onsson Et Almentioning

confidence: 99%

Affective and non-affective touch evoke differential brain responses in 2-month-old infants

et al. 2018

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A B S T R A C TCaressing touch is an effective way to communicate emotions and to create social bonds. It is also one of the key mediators of early parental bonding. The caresses are generally thought to represent a social form of touching and indeed, slow, gentle brushing is encoded in specialized peripheral nerve fibers, the C-tactile (CT) afferents. In adults, areas such as the posterior insula and superior temporal sulcus are activated by affective, slow stroking touch but not by fast stroking stimulation. However, whether these areas are activated in infants, after social tactile stimulation, is unknown.In this study, we compared the total hemoglobin responses measured with diffuse optical tomography (DOT) in the left hemisphere following slow and fast stroking touch stimulation in 16 2-month-old infants. We compared slow stroking (optimal CT afferent stimulation) to fast stroking (non-optimal CT stimulation). Activated regions were delineated using two methods: one based on contrast between the two conditions, and the other based on voxel-based statistical significance of the difference between the two conditions. The first method showed a single activation cluster in the temporal cortex with center of gravity in the middle temporal gyrus where the total hemoglobin increased after the slow stroking relative to the fast stroking (p ¼ 0.04 uncorrected). The second method revealed a cluster in the insula with an increase in total hemoglobin in the insular cortex in response to slow stroking relative to fast stroking (p ¼ 0.0005 uncorrected; p ¼ 0.04 corrected for multiple comparisons).These activation clusters encompass areas that are involved in processing of affective, slow stroking touch in the adult brain. We conclude that the infant brain shows a pronounced and adult-like response to slow stroking touch compared to fast stroking touch in the insular cortex but the expected response in the primary somatosensory cortex was not found at this age. The results imply that emotionally valent touch is encoded in the brain in adult-like manner already soon after birth and this suggests a potential for involvement of touch in bonding with the caretaker.

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Section: Eh J€ Onsson Et Almentioning

confidence: 99%

Affective and non-affective touch evoke differential brain responses in 2-month-old infants

et al. 2018

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“…The absence of recordable cortical potentials in the majority of the infants tested was not due to technical reasons, as explained in "Results," nor most likely to trauma because one of the 36-wk gestational age infants was tested 4 days after a quiet birth. A predominantly surface-negative, premature, cortically generated potential evoked by electrical stimulation has been described for animals (7,19) and human infants (9). The low-amplitude cortical positivity succeeding this negativity and the gradual increase in amplitude of the positive component with maturation have been explained by rate of development of the superficial cortical synapses (8).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In brief, subjects were tested immediately after feeding during spontaneous sleep. No monitoring of sleep stage was attempted because short latency components are independent of sleep stage (9). They were lying on a flat, padded surface, and the hand stimulated was supported by one examiner with the fingers taped to a flat board.…”

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confidence: 99%

Short Latency Mechanically Evoked Peripheral Nerve and Somatosensory Potentials in Newborn Infants

1981

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Summarya 36-wk ~estational ape infant who was studied 4 days after birth.Mechanically evoked short-latency potentials were recorded from ten newborn infants ranging in gestational age from 36 to 42 wk and from a 3-month-old infant during natural sleep. Potentials were recorded from four electrode configurations: (1) over the peripheral nerve at the wrist: distal-proximal; (2) over the peripheral nerve at the axilla-deltoid insertion; (3) over the cervical spinal cord and cerebrum: Cn-F,,; and (4) over the cerebrum: C4-F,.. All subjects produced clear potentials from configurations 1, 2 and 3. Configuration 4 produced reliable potentials only in one newborn who was large for gestational age (42 wk) and the 3-month-old infant. ~v e r a~e peripheral nerve conduction velocities were 26 m/sec from wrist to axilla and 29 m/sec from axilla to neck. N o significant correlation was found between conceptional age and nerve conduction velocity. The application of this technique could allow lesion localization in peripheral as well as central portions of the somatosensory pathway of newborns.The &hod for kechanical stimulation and recordings has been described previously (21). and a number of modifications were made to accommodate the newborn population tested. In brief, subjects were tested immediately after feeding during spontaneous sleep. No monitoring of sleep stage was attempted because short latency components are independent of sleep stage (9). They were lying on a flat, padded surface, and the hand stimulated was supported by one examiner with the fingers taped to a flat board. Because of the subjects' small size. precautions against stimulusgenerated electrode movement artifacts were taken. Thus, care was taken that no other part of the hand was in touch with the supporting board. The surface on which subjects lay. the fingersupporting board, and the mechanical stimulator were placed on three separate stands. The stimulus was a 50-msec duration square electric pulse transduced by a moving coil vibrator. The vibrating tip had a 2 mm diameter hemispheric surface which. in the resting state. was ~e r~e n d i c u l a r to and iust in contact with the nail of the middle fi&e; Stimuli were delivered at a rate of 4/sec. The skin Sensory evoked potentials recorded by surface electrodes using temperature of the proximal Part of the fingers was measured and computer averaging have been utilized in the newborn nurseries. maintained at approximately 35°C throughout the recording sesAuditory ( I , 2, 18, 23, 25. 26, 28. 31) and visual evoked potentials sion. which lasted approximately 20 min. (14, 15, 30) have been well described and found to reflect periphTin disc electrodes, 6 mm in diameter. were placed over the eral (auditory) and central (auditory and visual) maturation in median nerve at the wrist and near the axilla, over the insertion of addition to indicating pathologic changes. Somatosensory evoked the deltoid muscle, over the second cervical vertebra (CII). over potentials in newborn infants have so far only been ob...

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“…Sleep was monitored polygraphically, and sleep stage ratings assigned for 20-sec epochs according to the criteria of Anders et al (1971). We have shown in the previous study that thumb and finger movement thresholds are not related to the wakefulness-sleep cycle (Ellingson & Ellis, 1970); Desmedt and Manil (1970) have reported that stimuli used to elicit SEP's in newborns do not alter the sleep cycle.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Responses to electrical stimulation of the median nerve in the human newborn

Ellis

Ellingson

1973

Developmental Psychobiology

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Four normal full-term newborns and 4 adults were stimulated by constant-current square-wave pulses to the median nerve at the wrist. Thumb and finger movement thresholds were determined by visual observation and by recording movement potentials from the thenar eminence. Afferent nerve action potential thresholds were determined by recording from the median nerve above the elbow. Subjective sensory thresholds were also determined by verbal report in the adults. Somesthetic evoked Iesponses (SEP) were recorded from the contralateral scalp at movement threshold and 2 times the movement threshold in both infants and adults. The mean afferent nerve action potential threshold of the newborns was 3 times higher than that of the adults. The mean movement thresholds of newborns and adults were not significantly different. The mean action potential threshold was not different from the mean subjective sensory threshold in the adults. The mean action potential threshold was not different from the mean movement threshold in the newborns. Shocks of movement threshold intensity are not always adequate for elicitation of afferent action potentials and SEP's in newborns. In stimulating peripheral nerves to elicit SEP's, the positions of the stimulating electrodes are critical.The present study, like a previous one (Ellingson & Ellis, 1970), was undertaken to provide a firmer basis for choosing stimuli to elicit somesthetic evoked potentials (SEP's) in newborns. In the previous study we found that (1) thresholds for thumb or finger movement responses to shocks to the median nerve at the wrist were 1.75 times higher in newborns than in adults, (2) thumb and finger movement thresholds were 3 4 times higher than subjective sensory thresholds in adults, and (3) movement thresholds were variable in some newborns, but no relationship could be established with the wakefulness-sleep cycle. In practice, however, stimuli at movement threshold sometimes fail to elicit SEP's in newborns, despite the fact that similar stimuli considerably exceed sensory thresholds in adults. Further investigation of the relationships among afferent and efferent nerve fiber thresholds and SEP thresholds was therefore needed.

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Somatosensory evoked potentials of the normal human neonate in REM sleep, in slow wave sleep and in waking

Abstract: Neurophysiological contributions to cérébral maturation and to périnatal pathology in man have been mostly concernée! with the spontaneous brain activity (

Cited by 107 publications

References 25 publications

Affective and non-affective touch evoke differential brain responses in 2-month-old infants

Affective and non-affective touch evoke differential brain responses in 2-month-old infants

Short Latency Mechanically Evoked Peripheral Nerve and Somatosensory Potentials in Newborn Infants

Responses to electrical stimulation of the median nerve in the human newborn

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