Somatic Symptom Index (SSI): A New and Abridged Somatization Construct

Escobar, Javier I.; Rubio‐Stipec, Maritza; Canino, Glorisa; Karno, Marvin

doi:10.1097/00005053-198903000-00003

Cited by 352 publications

(71 citation statements)

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“…1% ; lifetime : 8 . 5%) and the subthreshold somatization disorder SSI4.6 (Escobar et al 1989 ;4-week : 3 . 1 %; 12-month : 4 .…”

Section: Diagnostic Groupsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The following mental disorders according to DSM-IV were included : mental disorders due to general medical condition; schizophrenia and possible psychotic disorders (screening without further differential diagnosis) ; substance use disorders (dependence and abuse of alcohol, illicit substances, and nicotine) ; mood disorders (unipolar and bipolar); anxiety disorders (including obsessive compulsive disorder; without PTSD), somatoform disorders (including the abridged somatization syndrome SSI4.6 ; Escobar et al 1989; without conversion and body dysmorphic disorder) ; and eating disorders. Unfortunately, we were not commissioned to include post-traumatic stress disorder and antisocial personality (as for example in the NCS) because of time and financial restrictions.…”

Section: Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prevalence, co-morbidity and correlates of mental disorders in the general population: results from the German Health Interview and Examination Survey (GHS)

et al. 2004

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Background. The German National Health Interview and Examination Survey (GHS) is the first government mandated nationwide study to investigate jointly the prevalence of somatic and mental disorders within one study in the general adult population in Germany. This paper reports results from its Mental Health Supplement (GHS-MHS) on 4-week 12-month, and selected lifetime prevalence of a broad range of DSM-IV mental disorders, their co-morbidity and correlates in the community.Methods. The sample of the GHS-MHS (n=4181; multistage stratified random sample drawn from population registries ; conditional response rate : 87 . 6 %) can be regarded as representative for the German population aged 18-65. Diagnoses are based on fully structured computer assisted clinical interviews (M-CIDI), conducted by clinically trained interviewers.Results. 12-month prevalence for any DSM-IV study disorder is 31 % (lifetime : 43 % ; 4-week : 20 %) with anxiety disorders, mood disorders and somatoform syndromes being the most frequent diagnoses. Retrospective age of onset information reveals that most disorders begin early in life. Comorbidity rates among mental disorders range from 44 % to 94%. Correlates of increased rates of mental disorders and co-morbidity were : female gender (except for substance disorders), not being married, low social class, and poor somatic health status. Health care utilization for mental disorders depended on co-morbidity (30 % in 'pure', 76 % in highly co-morbid cases) and varied from 33% for substance use disorders to 75 % for panic disorder.Conclusions. Results confirm and extend results from other national studies using the same assessment instruments with regard to prevalence, co-morbidity and sociodemographic correlates, covering a broader range of DSM-IV disorders [i.e. somatoform disorders, all anxiety disorders (except PTSD), mental disorders due to substance or general medical factor, eating disorders]. Intervention rates were higher than in previous studies, yet still low overall.

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“…1% ; lifetime : 8 . 5%) and the subthreshold somatization disorder SSI4.6 (Escobar et al 1989 ;4-week : 3 . 1 %; 12-month : 4 .…”

Section: Diagnostic Groupsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence, co-morbidity and correlates of mental disorders in the general population: results from the German Health Interview and Examination Survey (GHS)

et al. 2004

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“…This finding is also interesting with regard to the study by Jacobi et al [3], which is based on the same sample (German Health Survey, GHS). Jacobi et al [3] combined somatization disorder, undifferentiated somatization disorder, hypochondriasis, abridged somatization disorder according to Escobar [49] and pain disorder into the category of "any somatoform disorder" and reported a 12-month prevalence rate for this disorder group of 11.7% for those aged 50 to 65, but unfortunately no prevalence rates for the subtypes are reported. However, compared to the results by Fröhlich et al [36], it becomes apparent that 8.6% of the disorders classified as "any somatoform disorders" are pain disorders and that the remaining 3.1% are distributed over the 4 above-mentioned subtypes.…”

Section: ) Heterogeneous Diagnostic Groupsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is all we know that we know nothing? A critical review of the prevalence of somatoform disorders in the elderly

Dehoust¹,

Schulz²,

Härter³

et al. 2013

OJPsych

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Objective: As noted in previous reviews, the prevalence rates for somatoform disorders in the elderly that have been reported are highly heterogeneous. The main aim of this paper is to identify the reasons for the substantial variation in prevalence rates and discuss the potential of future diagnostic criteria to address current difficulties. Methods: We conducted a selective review of the literature on the prevalence of somatoform disorders in elderly populations. Results: We found significant conceptual differences between the described diagnostic groups and the criteria applied across studies. Moreover, substantial disparities related to sample selection, age cut-offs, and applied measures were revealed. Conclusions: A general conceptual confusion exists throughout the literature regarding somatoform disorders in the elderly that significantly hinder the comparison and integration of results and can lead to premature conclusions. The redefinition of the somatoform disorder category in the next version of the DSM should be taken as an opportunity to address this issue and facilitate research.

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“…Rates also vary depending on whether they were estimated for somatization, somatoform or the abridged definition of somatization used by Escobar, et al (1989), the ICD-10 or DSM-IV-TR. For somatization disorder, the strictest diagnostic criteria of the ICD-10 or DSM-IV-TR, which includes multiple complaints from different and specified organs, the prevalence of somatization is actually quite low-around 1% to 5% both in the general population and in primary care (Escobar, Gara, Silver, et al, 1998;Fink, Sorrenson, Engberg, Holm, Munk-Jorgensen, 1999;Katon & Walker, 1998).…”

Section: Prevalencementioning

confidence: 99%

Somatization and Engagement in Mental Health Treatment

Chianello

2000

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Somatization, the presentation of physical symptoms without an identifiable cause, is among the most common problems in primary medical care. Treatment approaches are typically offered within the medical consultation interview once the medical provider distinguishes between physical and emotional etiology. This dualistic strategy is especially troublesome for patients whose physical complaints cannot be validated and who are recommended for only mental health therapy. The aim of this study was to examine how medical practitioners can instead motivate patients to consider both physical and emotional treatment. An analogue intervention consisting of an enhanced consultation interview was compared to a care as usual consultation interview on the key outcome of motivation to engage in mental health treatment. A total of 129 participants with medically unexplained symptoms were randomly assigned to these two conditions. Motivation to engage in mental health treatment was evaluated with the FMP Questionnaire, Credibility and Expectancy Questionnaire, and the newly developed Motivation to Engage in Therapy questionnaire (MET). Results of ANCOVA revealed significant differences between the two analogue consultation interviews on 3 out of 5 outcome measures. The largest effect was found for the MET followed by the credibility and expectancy subscales (1.6, .9, and .8). This finding suggests that a particular type of discourse between medical provider and patient can lead to increased motivation for holistic care treatment for those with somatization.ii Acknowledgments

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Somatic Symptom Index (SSI): A New and Abridged Somatization Construct

Cited by 352 publications

References 0 publications

Prevalence, co-morbidity and correlates of mental disorders in the general population: results from the German Health Interview and Examination Survey (GHS)

Prevalence, co-morbidity and correlates of mental disorders in the general population: results from the German Health Interview and Examination Survey (GHS)

Is all we know that we know nothing? A critical review of the prevalence of somatoform disorders in the elderly

Somatization and Engagement in Mental Health Treatment

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