Solvothermal synthesis of α–CuPc nanostructures for electrochemical nitrogen fixation under ambient conditions

Progress of electrocatalytic urea synthesis: strategic design, reactor engineering, mechanistic details and techno-commercial study

“…34 Therefore significant research has been carried out to reduce the carbon footprint by developing an energy efficient, economical and environmentally friendly method to produce urea using electrochemical processes, 22,23,[35][36][37] which generally involve the simultaneous reduction process of carbon dioxide (CO 2 RR) and nitrogen sources (NRR). 9,10,[38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52] However, there exist a number of hurdles in the progress of electrochemical urea production which need to be resolved, and these are as follows: (a) the adsorption of the reactants (N 2 and CO 2 ) to the surface of the electrocatalyst is of a very feeble nature, 36,37,53 (b) the simultaneous reduction processes (N 2 and CO 2 ) often compete against one another which results in various types of product formation (like acetamide) other than urea, 54,55 (c) higher overpotential (difference between the applied potential at the electrode and the thermodynamic potential of CO 2 RR at a particular current density) required to cleave the extremely stable NRN and CQO bonds, 56 and (d) effectively suppressing the competing HER. [35][36][37]57 In this article, we concisely present the inception and the continuous steady growth of electrochemical green urea synthesis.…”

Progress of electrochemical synthesis of nitric acid: catalyst design, mechanistic insights, protocol and challenges

“…47,48 In third generation ammonia production, ambient air nitrogen is directly converted to ammonia using a suitable electrocatalyst under ambient conditions without applying any temperature and pressure; this process is called the electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction (ENRR). [49][50][51][52][53] Thus, from an economical sustainability point of view an alternative process would be required which could replace the Birkeland-Eyde process as well as the Ostwald process for the formation of nitric acid. Recently, the research fraternity have been working on the direct electrochemical nitrogen oxidation (N 2 OR) process that produces nitric acid without applying any temperature or pressure, which would be our future game changer.…”

“…47,48 In third generation ammonia production, ambient air nitrogen is directly converted to ammonia using a suitable electrocatalyst under ambient conditions without applying any temperature and pressure; this process is called the electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction (ENRR). 49–53…”

Selective Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Nitrogen to Nitric Acid Using Manganese Phthalocyanine

“…This process is extremely energy demanding and produces an extravagant amount of greenhouse gases (CO 2 ) into the atmosphere. , To produce NH 3 in the industrial scale, the Haber–Bosch process is employed, where raw materials (N 2 and H 2 ) are treated at a high temperature (700 K) and pressure (150 atm). This process consumes 1% of the total global energy and produces 1.9 metric ton of greenhouse gas (CO 2 ) per metric ton of NH 3 synthesis. , Current studies on ammonia synthesis (computational study and experimental investigation) may substitute the Haber–Bosch process. − The deletion of the dual step HNO 3 synthesis method forms a mandatory requirement to address the issue and provide an alternate sustainable solution yet catering to the demand of the market . Electrocatalytic dinitrogen oxidation reaction (N 2 OR) using an electrocatalyst under ambient conditions is an optimistically promising alternative to develop a sustainable nitrate product using various heterogeneous catalysts. − Electrocatalytic N 2 oxidation processes follow a two-step pathway.…”