“…One approach to hydroxyl studies is to replace hydrogen with its heavier isotope deuterium using D 2 or D 2 O, or to replace 16 O with 18 O, all of which are easily observable in both IR and mass spectrometry. OD groups, known as deuteroxyls, have been investigated by many groups 19,21,24,42,44,56,59,61,87 while oxygen-labeling studies are more scarce 66,69,81 .…”