Solvent uptake in relation to physical activity

Bergert, K.L.-D.; Nestler, Klaus

doi:10.1016/0048-9697(91)90109-r

Cited by 15 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…The effect of exercise on the uptake of styrene was investigated in human volunteers exposed to 200 or 600 mg/m3 for 1 h, at rest or under workloads of 55 or 80 W. 45 Styrene retention decreased slightly with increasing ventilation rate, but in spite of this decrease, the uptake rate of styrene rose during exercise. Regression equations were presented that relate blood concentration of styrene with uptake rate, and the excretion rate of mandelic acid with the blood concentration of styrene.…”

Section: Metabolism In Manmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of the Metabolic Fate of Styrene

Sumner

Fennell

1994

Critical Reviews in Toxicology

181

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Styrene and styrene oxide have been implicated as reproductive toxicants, neurotoxicants, or carcinogens in vivo or in vitro. The use of these chemicals in the manufacture of plastics and polymers and in the boat-building industry has raised concerns related to the risk associated with human exposure. This review describes the literature to date on the metabolic fate of styrene and styrene oxide in laboratory animals and in humans. Many studies have been conducted to assess the metabolic fate of styrene in rats, and investigations on the metabolism of styrene in humans have been of considerable interest. Limited research has been done to assess metabolism in the mouse. The metabolism of styrene to styrene oxide and further conversion to styrene glycol (via epoxide hydrolase), mandelic acid, and phenylglyoxylic acid has been given considerable attention, and is considered to be the major pathway of activation and detoxication for humans. While the hydrolysis of styrene oxide to styrene glycol historically has been the favored pathway for the rat, studies in more recent years have indicated that glutathione conjugation also is a viable and significant pathway for both the rat and the mouse. This pathway has not been established in humans. Mandelic acid and phenylglyoxylic acid have been used as urinary markers of exposure in humans exposed to styrene. Extensive investigations have been conducted on the kinetics of styrene and styrene oxide in rodents. In people, the kinetics of styrene and styrene oxide in the blood of occupationally exposed workers and volunteers have been determined. Pharmacokinetic models developed in the last decade have become increasingly complex, with the most recent physiologically based model describing the kinetics of styrene and styrene oxide. This model shows pronounced species differences in sensitivity coefficients for styrene or styrene oxide between mice, rats, and humans, where mice are the more sensitive species to the Vmax for both epoxide hydrolase and monooxygenase. This result is particularly interesting in light of the recent findings of extensive mortality and hepatotoxicity for mice exposed to relatively low levels of styrene (250 to 500 ppm), while rats and humans exhibit only nasal and eye irritations at exposure concentrations well above 500 ppm.

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Section: Metabolism In Manmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of the Metabolic Fate of Styrene

Sumner

Fennell

1994

Critical Reviews in Toxicology

181

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“…(3−5) Previous studies have reported an increase in the pulmonary absorption of STY with work load intensity. (5,6) Absorption of STY can be enhanced up to five-fold, with the increase in pulmonary ventilation related to manual tasks. (3,7,8) Increases in unchanged STY excretion in urine and in exhaled air have also been reported.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Physical Exertion on the Biological Monitoring of Exposure to Various Solvents Following Exposure by Inhalation in Human Volunteers: III. Styrene

Truchon

Brochu

Tardif

2009

Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene

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This study evaluated the impact of different work load intensities on biological indicators of styrene exposure. Four adult Caucasian men, aged 20 to 44 years, were recruited. Groups of 2-4 volunteers were exposed to 20 ppm of styrene in an exposure chamber according to scenarios involving either aerobic, muscular, or both types of physical exercise for 3 or 7 hr. The target intensities for each 30-min exercise period-interspaced with 15 min at rest-were the following: REST, 38 watts AERO (time-weighted average intensity), 34 watts AERO/MUSC, 49 watts AERO/MUSC, and 54 watts AERO for 7 hr and 22 watts MUSC for 3 hr. End-exhaled air samples were collected at 15 time points during and after 7-hr exposures for the determination of styrene concentrations. Urine samples were collected before the start of exposure, after the first 3 hr of exposure, and at the end of exposure for the determination of mandelic acid (MA) and phenylglyoxilic acid (PGA) concentrations. Compared with exposure at rest, styrene in alveolar air increased by a factor up to 1.7, while the sum of urinary MA and PGA increased by a factor ranging from 1.2 to 3.5, depending on the exposure scenario. Concentrations of biological indicators of styrene fluctuated with physical exertion and were correlated with the magnitude of the physical activity and pulmonary ventilation. Despite the physical exertion effect, urinary concentrations of styrene metabolites after a single-day exposure remain below the current biological exposure index value recommended by ACGIH; therefore, no additional health risk is expected. However, results shows that work load intensities must be considered in the interpretation of biological monitoring data and in the evaluation of the health risk associated with styrene exposure.

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“…We have found that body weight, the fraction of adipose tissue, the blood/air partition coecient, and the ®tted values for the extrahepatic rate of metabolism and adipose blood¯ow signi®cantly aect blood concentrations of [ 2 H 8 ]-toluene (a surrogate for toluene) following controlled administration [57]. Factors that contribute to a varying internal dose, given the same ambient toluene concentration, include the degree of exertion [8,9,64] and the use of personal protective equipment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological monitoring of controlled toluene exposure

Pierce

Dills

Morgan

et al. 1998

International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health

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After breathing rate and extrahepatic metabolism had been set to conservative (protective) values (the 97.5th and 2.5th percentiles, respectively) the model predicted that pre-final-shift breath levels of < or =10 micromol/m3 and post-final-shift levels of < or =150 micromol/m3 corresponded to average workplace exposure levels of < or =50 ppm toluene. Alternately, we used the distributions and covariances of the measured and fit model parameters to yield conservative pre-final-shift levels of < or =7.3 micromol/m3 and post-final-shift breath levels of < or =120 micromol/m3 that were reflective of workplace exposure levels of < or =50 ppm toluene.

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Solvent uptake in relation to physical activity

Cited by 15 publications

References 9 publications

Review of the Metabolic Fate of Styrene

Review of the Metabolic Fate of Styrene

Effect of Physical Exertion on the Biological Monitoring of Exposure to Various Solvents Following Exposure by Inhalation in Human Volunteers: III. Styrene

Biological monitoring of controlled toluene exposure

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