Solvent-tunable PDMS microlens fabricated by femtosecond laser direct writing

Lu, Dongxiao; Zhang, Yong‐Lai; Han, Dong‐Dong; Wang, Huan; Xia, Hong; Chen, Qi‐Dai; Ding, Hong; Sun, Hong‐Bo

doi:10.1039/c4tc02737j

Cited by 63 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…[6,7] Self-assembly approaches to 3D periodic structures (using colloidal spheres immersed in liquids or embedded in polymers [8,9] ) have shown significant promise for tuneable color and strain sensing. However, direct write fabrication brings the flexibility to engineer arbitrary structures such as tuneable lenses, [10,11] and produce a series of 2D and 3D tuneable optical systems that are optically active over a wide wavelength range. [12][13][14][15] Currently, many routes to tuneable optical systems exploit mechanisms such as swelling of the optical material, [3,10] thermally controlled dimensional changes, [5] or interaction between solvents and optical structures.…”

Section: Doi: 101002/adom201600458mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, direct write fabrication brings the flexibility to engineer arbitrary structures such as tuneable lenses, [10,11] and produce a series of 2D and 3D tuneable optical systems that are optically active over a wide wavelength range. [12][13][14][15] Currently, many routes to tuneable optical systems exploit mechanisms such as swelling of the optical material, [3,10] thermally controlled dimensional changes, [5] or interaction between solvents and optical structures. [7,10] The focus of this study is on using materials that undergo refractive index changes (and tuning), induced by a chemical reaction that transfers the materials from a dielectric to a conducting state.…”

Section: Doi: 101002/adom201600458mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[12][13][14][15] Currently, many routes to tuneable optical systems exploit mechanisms such as swelling of the optical material, [3,10] thermally controlled dimensional changes, [5] or interaction between solvents and optical structures. [7,10] The focus of this study is on using materials that undergo refractive index changes (and tuning), induced by a chemical reaction that transfers the materials from a dielectric to a conducting state. Under this approach the material does not undergo any changes in geometry or dimensions.…”

Section: Doi: 101002/adom201600458mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Toward Direct Laser Writing of Actively Tuneable 3D Photonic Crystals

Miles

et al. 2016

Advanced Optical Materials

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(1 of 5) 1600458 optoelectronic properties. [16] These features have already been used in a wide range of (well-known) applications, including photovoltaics, [17] printable flexible organic electronics, [18] supercapacitors, and rechargeable batteries. [19] However, their conjugated architectures can lead to poor solubility and processability. The oligomer approach [20] has provided a promising route to improve processability and provides well-defined and tuneable molecular architectures whilst maintaining the properties of the parent polymer. This approach has been exploited for a number of well-known electroactive polymers, including poly(thiophene)s, poly(phenylenevinylene), and more recently, also for poly(aniline). Our efforts have been focused on the design and syntheses of well-defined oligo(aniline)-based materials. [16] The self-assembly and tuneable optoelectronic properties of these attractive materials have been exploited [21] using their well-known switchable oxidation states: the fully reduced gray leucoemeraldine base (LEB) state, the half-oxidized blue-purple emeraldine base (EB) state, and the doped and conducting green emeraldine salt (ES) state. [22] The ability to easily access the conducting ES state through acid-base doping provides the possibility to fabricate functional supramolecular assemblies, [23,24] especially when using different acid dopants. [25] It has also been shown that additional modification of the molecular architectures is possible through variation of the terminal amine groups. [26] Here the first steps toward tuneable optical elements achieved through direct laser writing (DLW) of addressable oligo(aniline)-based material on the appropriate length scales, with the required 2D and 3D geometries for use in optical chip technologies, are shown. In the DLW approach a 2-photon polymerization (2PP) process is initiated by focusing a laser, here a pulsed erbium-doped femtosecond fiber laser source (λ ≈ 780 nm), into a thin film of a photoresist. A 3D structure is written within the pathway of laser focus (i.e., negative tone photo resist) as it is scanned through the material. Structures can be prepared with a resolution of less than 100 nm. [27] This technique can be easily integrated with existing optical devices, such as lab-on-a-chip systems and functional biomedical devices to achieve miniaturized optical chip platforms. [3] DLW furthermore enables testing of custom designs, [28] as it does not require exposure to high temperature or highly acidic environments, which are commonly found in other fabrication approaches. [29] As discussed previously, a material with a switchable refractive index without geometric modification is desired. Here, for the first time, the synthesis of a novel material (Boc-TANIDA) that can be used to fabricate nanoscale 2D/3D structures with a switchable refractive index and a negligible corresponding dimensional change using DLW is shown. Boc-TANIDA was synthesized by

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Section: Doi: 101002/adom201600458mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Doi: 101002/adom201600458mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Doi: 101002/adom201600458mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Toward Direct Laser Writing of Actively Tuneable 3D Photonic Crystals

Miles

et al. 2016

Advanced Optical Materials

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“…In 2015, D. Lu et al reported the fabrication of femtosecond laser direct writing (FsLDW) technology and in-situ integrated PDMS microlenses such as spherical microlenses and aspheric hyperbolic microlenses. Optical focusing tests were performed using PDMS hyperboloid microlenses with a radius of 20 μm, a height of 3.5 μm, and a theoretical focal length of 117 μm[148]…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Fabrication of Micro/Nano Structures by Laser Machining

Yang

Wei

et al. 2019

Nanomaterials

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Micro/nano structures have unique optical, electrical, magnetic, and thermal properties. Studies on the preparation of micro/nano structures are of considerable research value and broad development prospects. Several micro/nano structure preparation techniques have already been developed, such as photolithography, electron beam lithography, focused ion beam techniques, nanoimprint techniques. However, the available geometries directly implemented by those means are limited to the 2D mode. Laser machining, a new technology for micro/nano structural preparation, has received great attention in recent years for its wide application to almost all types of materials through a scalable, one-step method, and its unique 3D processing capabilities, high manufacturing resolution and high designability. In addition, micro/nano structures prepared by laser machining have a wide range of applications in photonics, Surface plasma resonance, optoelectronics, biochemical sensing, micro/nanofluidics, photofluidics, biomedical, and associated fields. In this paper, updated achievements of laser-assisted fabrication of micro/nano structures are reviewed and summarized. It focuses on the researchers’ findings, and analyzes materials, morphology, possible applications and laser machining of micro/nano structures in detail. Seven kinds of materials are generalized, including metal, organics or polymers, semiconductors, glass, oxides, carbon materials, and piezoelectric materials. In the end, further prospects to the future of laser machining are proposed.

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“…Yong et al fabricated a low-cost, high-quality, concave PDMS micro-lens array using high-speed line-scanning of femtosecond laser pulses [21]. Lu et al reported the fabrication of solvent-tunable PDMS micro-lenses using a femtosecond laser direct writing technique through a multi-photon absorption process [22]. Stankova et al presented an experimental investigation on the effects of process parameters on a medical grade PDMS elastomer processed by a laser source [23].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Femtosecond Laser-Inscripted Direct Ultrafast Fabrication of a DNA Distributor Using Microfluidics

et al. 2017

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A femtosecond laser can be used for single or multiple writing processes to create sub 10-µm lines or holes directly without the use of masks. In this study, we characterized the depth and width of micro-channels created by femtosecond laser micro-scribing in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) under various energy doses (1%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%) and laser beam passes (5, 10 and 15). Based on a microfluidic simulation in a bio-application, a DNA distributor was designed and fabricated based on an energy dose of 5% and a laser beam pass of 5. The simulated depth and width of the micro-channels was 3.58 and 5.27 µm, respectively. The depth and width of the micro-channels were linearly proportional to the energy dose and the number of laser beam passes. In a DNA distribution experiment, a brighter fluorescent intensity for YOYO-1 Iodide with DNA was observed in the middle channels with longer DNA. In addition, the velocity was the lowest as estimated in the computational simulation. The polymer processability of the femtosecond laser and the bio-applicability of the DNA distributor were successfully confirmed. Therefore, a promising technique for the maskless fabrication of sub 10-µm bio-microfluidic channels was demonstrated.

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Solvent-tunable PDMS microlens fabricated by femtosecond laser direct writing

Abstract: Reported here is the fabrication of a solvent-tunable polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microlens using the femtosecond laser direct writing (FsLDW) technique.

Cited by 63 publications

References 35 publications

Toward Direct Laser Writing of Actively Tuneable 3D Photonic Crystals

Toward Direct Laser Writing of Actively Tuneable 3D Photonic Crystals

The Fabrication of Micro/Nano Structures by Laser Machining

Femtosecond Laser-Inscripted Direct Ultrafast Fabrication of a DNA Distributor Using Microfluidics

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