Solvent-Free Organic Synthesis

Tanaka, Kōichi; Toda, Fumio

doi:10.1021/cr940089p

Cited by 2,088 publications

(893 citation statements)

References 183 publications

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“…This approach has many advantages compared to the extraction using organic solvent extraction, such as: reduction of environmental pollution; low cost; simplicity in the process and handling; high temperatures and multiple extractions are not necessary. [17][18][19][20] The Figures 4 and 5 show the fragmentation spectrum of apigenin (an oregano antioxidant), and 6-shogaol (a ginger antioxidant), respectively.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Direct Incorporation of Ginger and Oregano Antioxidants in Canola Oil

Grabsk¹,

Avincola²,

Claus³

et al. 2016

J. Braz. Chem. Soc.

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Antioxidants are used to increase the shelf life of food and oils. The most common extraction method of antioxidants from natural sources is the use of organic solvents, like methanol and ethanol. Evaporation of all the organic solvent is necessary to prevent health diseases. In this study, we present a new "organic solvent-free" method to extract antioxidants, which uses canola oil as extraction solvent to incorporate natural antioxidants from oregano and ginger without the use of organic solvent. The oil solvent extraction capacity was assessed by assays of oxygen radical absorbance capacity method for hydrophilic (721.9 ± 10.5 and 89.0 ± 2.5 µmol TE g -1 to canola oil with oregano and ginger, respectively) and lipophilic (118.8 ± 7.4 and 48.2 ± 9.7 µmol TE g -1 to canola oil with oregano and ginger, respectively) compounds, oxidation test (Oxitest ® ) (1,434 and 1,018 minutes to canola oil with oregano and ginger, respectively) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (0.01 ± 0.02 and 0.11 ± 0.06 mg MA g -1 to canola oil with oregano and ginger, respectively). Results provide evidence of the efficiency of canola oil as antioxidants extractor. Nine antioxidant compounds from canola oil incorporated with antioxidants compounds were identified using high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry.Keywords: antioxidant capacity, high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, green chemistry, solvent free IntroductionThe use of antioxidants is the simplest method to reduce fat oxidation in food and oils. 1 In most cases, synthetic antioxidants such as butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), propyl gallate (PG) and tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) are used as additives. However, there is evidence that synthetic antioxidants have harmful effects on human health. 2,3 Because of this, research for suitable natural sources of antioxidants for use in the food and oil industries have been performed. 4 Natural antioxidants from plants have many advantages when compared to synthetic antioxidants. 1 Overall, natural antioxidants have functional and sensory properties, are considered safe, and have greater acceptability by the consumers. 1 On the other hand, different organic solvents such as methanol, ethanol and acetone are used to extract antioxidants from fruits, vegetables and other types of foods. These solvents have hazardous and toxic properties and can cause adverse health effects. 5 This study aimed to develop a new "organic solventfree" method to extract antioxidants from oregano and ginger using canola oil. The antioxidant capacity from the canola oil with spices was evaluated by oxygen radical absorbance capacity method (ORAC), using the fluorescein (FL) decay curve (ORAC FL ) of hydrophilic compounds (H-ORAC FL ) and lipophilic compounds (L-ORAC FL ). The lipid oxidation of the samples was measured by two different methods: a new method known as Oxitest, and by thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) assay. Antioxidants compounds...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Direct Incorporation of Ginger and Oregano Antioxidants in Canola Oil

Grabsk¹,

Avincola²,

Claus³

et al. 2016

J. Braz. Chem. Soc.

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“…In this Letter, we report a rapid and efficient method for the one-pot Mannich reaction of aldehydes, ketones and amines in the presence of ZnO-nanoparticles (Scheme 1). [5][6][7][8][9]. Raising the temperature to 60 °C also showed an increase in the yield of desired product (Table 1, entries 10-12).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…They make synthetic processes clean, safe and high-yielding. 6,7 The use of nano-sized inorganic solid oxides as catalysts have received much attention because of their high level of chemoselectivity, environmental compatibility, simplicity of operation and their availability at low cost. Metal oxides exhibit both Lewis acid and Lewis base character at their surface.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Highly efficient one-pot three-component Mannich reaction catalyzed by ZnO-nanoparticles in water

Ian¹,

Dabiri²,

Salehi³

et al. 2011

Arkivoc

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“…[54][55][56] Therefore, we decided to investigate the viability of CFC reaction of indoles and nitrostyrenes catalyzed by metal halide hydrates under solventless conditions. The results are summarized in Table 5.…”

Section: Solventless Cfc Reactions Of Indoles With Nitrostyrenesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metal halide hydrates as lewis acid catalysts for the conjugated friedel-crafts reactions of indoles and activated olefins

Schwalm¹,

Ceschi²,

Russowsky³

2011

J. Braz. Chem. Soc.

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O were investigated as mild Lewis acids catalysts for the conjugate Friedel-Crafts reaction between indoles and activated olefins. The reactions were carried out with aliphatic unsaturated ketones over a period of days at room temperature, while chalcones reacted only under reflux conditions. The reactions with nitrostyrenes were either performed in solvent or under solventless conditions. In all cases reasonable to good yields were obtained.

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Solvent-Free Organic Synthesis

Cited by 2,088 publications

References 183 publications

Direct Incorporation of Ginger and Oregano Antioxidants in Canola Oil

Direct Incorporation of Ginger and Oregano Antioxidants in Canola Oil

Highly efficient one-pot three-component Mannich reaction catalyzed by ZnO-nanoparticles in water

Metal halide hydrates as lewis acid catalysts for the conjugated friedel-crafts reactions of indoles and activated olefins

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