Solvent exposure in construction and maintenance painting.

Riala, Riitta; Kalliokoski, Pentti; Pyy, Lauri; Wickström, Gustav

doi:10.5271/sjweh.2332

Cited by 30 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 3 publications

(3 reference statements)

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“…Among the earliest observations of workers exposed to volatile hydrocarbons was evidence of CNS effects (Battig et al 1956, Riala et al 1984. In early studies to characterize the potential for overexposure, Patty and Yant (1929) documented the effects of short-term, high-level exposures to volatile hydrocarbons including n-pentane, n-hexane, and n-heptane.…”

Section: Acute Cns Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although the epoxy paints represented a relatively small fraction of total solvent exposure, the use of these paints accounted for the majority of the incidents of overexposure which were relatively common during that period of time. As documented by Riala et al (1984), between 1960 and 1973, feelings of drunkenness (presumably an indication of acute CNS depression) were estimated to have occurred on average 46 times/year, with the frequency dropping to 27 times/year between 1974 . Between 1960and 1973, 8% of the painters reported experiencing drunkenness 100 or more times/year.…”

Section: Persistent Cns Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There is little data on exposure prior to 1980, but it is believed that exposures were close to the occupational exposure limit of 200 ppm (approximately 1100 mg/m 3 ) during that period. The occupational exposure limits for these solvents were reduced to 100 ppm (approximately 550 mg/m 3 ) during the 1970s, and by the early 1980s, it was estimated that the 8-hour average exposures of house painters were approximately 40 ppm (230 mg/m 3 ) (Riala et al 1984). Based on personal breathing zone sample results, the weighted average exposure to Stoddard solvent between 1961and1998 was 467 mg/m 3 (Caldwell et al 2000).…”

Section: Exposure To Hydrocarbon Solventsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…With respect to acute CNS effects specifically, it should be noted that maximum exposures to white spirit during construction painting are estimated to have been in the range of 250-300 ppm (1375-1650 mg/m 3 ) (Riala et al 1984). Based on volunteer studies (Carpenter et al 1975c, Nelson et al 1943, white spirit might produce ocular and respiratory irritation at these levels, but is unlikely to produce acute CNS effects that could have been perceived by the painters.…”

Section: Persistent Cns Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…White spirit, a C9-C11 aliphatic solvent containing approximately 20% aromatics and having a boiling range of approximately 150-200°C (i.e., white spirit has the same technical requirements as originally defined for Stoddard solvent, described in detail in Appendix 1B (III)), was the solvent used in formulating paints used in the largest volumes in the construction industry in Scandinavia between 1960 (when it replaced turpentine and linseed oil) and 1980 (when oil-based paints were replaced by water-based paints). However, the house painters also used epoxy paints, which were formulated with solvents including toluene, xylene, aliphatic alcohols, and ketones but apparently not white spirit (Riala et al 1984). Although the epoxy paints represented a relatively small fraction of total solvent exposure, the use of these paints accounted for the majority of the incidents of overexposure which were relatively common during that period of time.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characterization of the toxicological hazards of hydrocarbon solvents

McKee

Adenuga

Carrillo

2015

Critical Reviews in Toxicology

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Hydrocarbon solvents are liquid hydrocarbon fractions derived from petroleum processing streams, containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms, with carbon numbers ranging from approximately C5-C20 and boiling between approximately 35-370°C. Many of the hydrocarbon solvents have complex and variable compositions with constituents of 4 types, alkanes (normal paraffins, isoparaffins, and cycloparaffins) and aromatics (primarily alkylated one-and tworing species). Because of the compositional complexity, hydrocarbon solvents are now identified by a nomenclature ("the naming convention") that describes them in terms of physical/ chemical properties and compositional elements. Despite the compositional complexity, most hydrocarbon solvent constituents have similar toxicological properties, and the overall toxicological hazards can be characterized in generic terms. To facilitate hazard characterization, the solvents were divided into 9 groups (categories) of substances with similar physical and chemical properties. Hydrocarbon solvents can cause chemical pneumonitis if aspirated into the lung, and those that are volatile can cause acute CNS effects and/or ocular and respiratory irritation at exposure levels exceeding occupational recommendations. Otherwise, there are few toxicologically important effects. The exceptions, n-hexane and naphthalene, have unique toxicological properties, and those solvents containing constituents for which classification is required under the Globally Harmonized System (GHS) are differentiated by the substance names. Toxicological information from studies of representative substances was used to fulfill REACH registration requirements and to satisfy the needs of the OECD High Production Volume (HPV) initiative. As shown in the examples provided, the hazard characterization data can be used for hazard classification and for occupational exposure limit recommendations. Introduction Scope and purpose of the documentThe present document summarizes information on the physical/ chemical properties and toxicological hazards of hydrocarbon solvents and provides examples of the ways in which the information on hazard characterization can be used for hazard classification and to set occupational exposure limits. Many of the toxicological studies were published separately, but the results are summarized herein and referenced in the appendices.Hydrocarbon solvents are liquid hydrocarbon fractions that are primarily produced by the distillation of petroleum feed stocks or their synthetic analogs (e.g., Fischer-Tropsch derived materials), sometimes followed by additional processing steps such as solvent extraction, hydrodesulfurization, or hydrogenation. 1 Most hydrocarbon solvents are complex substances with variable compositions and are best described as UVCB 2 (unknown and variable composition) substances, but some are single constituent (mono-constituent) substances. The complex and variable nature of these solvents is the consequence of their manufacturing processes. In short, most hydroca...

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Section: Acute Cns Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Persistent Cns Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%