“…The membrane contactors operated over the flooding limit of conventional packed columns because the vapor and the liquid phases were separated from each other. The use of ceramic hollow fiber membrane contactors looks promising for solvent distillation at a large scale [158,201].…”
Membrane distillation is a process that utilizes differences in vapor pressure to permeate water through a macro-porous membrane and reject other non-volatile constituents present in the influent water. This review considers the fundamental heat and mass transfer processes in membrane distillation, recent advances in membrane technology, module configurations, and the applications and economics of membrane distillation, and identifies areas that may lead to technological improvements in membrane distillation as well as the application characteristics required for commercial deployment.
Keywordsa function of temperature, vapor pressure, and of the gas molecular mass K 0 membrane characteristic defined by Equation (9) Kn Knudsen number K(T) a function of temperature and molecular weight of the gas l mean free path of the molecules l m distance between parallel spacer fibres (m) LEP Limit Entry Pressure (kPa) M molecular mass (g/mol) M w molecular weights of water (g/mol) M a molecular weights of air (g/mol) n number of CNTs per unit cross section in bucky-paper P pressure in the air gap (kPa) half time to reach the maximum intensity-laser flash technique (s) t proportion of conductive heat (balance due to evaporative heat) loss through the membrane T mean temperature in the pores (K)
“…The membrane contactors operated over the flooding limit of conventional packed columns because the vapor and the liquid phases were separated from each other. The use of ceramic hollow fiber membrane contactors looks promising for solvent distillation at a large scale [158,201].…”
Membrane distillation is a process that utilizes differences in vapor pressure to permeate water through a macro-porous membrane and reject other non-volatile constituents present in the influent water. This review considers the fundamental heat and mass transfer processes in membrane distillation, recent advances in membrane technology, module configurations, and the applications and economics of membrane distillation, and identifies areas that may lead to technological improvements in membrane distillation as well as the application characteristics required for commercial deployment.
Keywordsa function of temperature, vapor pressure, and of the gas molecular mass K 0 membrane characteristic defined by Equation (9) Kn Knudsen number K(T) a function of temperature and molecular weight of the gas l mean free path of the molecules l m distance between parallel spacer fibres (m) LEP Limit Entry Pressure (kPa) M molecular mass (g/mol) M w molecular weights of water (g/mol) M a molecular weights of air (g/mol) n number of CNTs per unit cross section in bucky-paper P pressure in the air gap (kPa) half time to reach the maximum intensity-laser flash technique (s) t proportion of conductive heat (balance due to evaporative heat) loss through the membrane T mean temperature in the pores (K)
“…The combination of high chemical, thermal and mechanical resistances and the solvent resistance has made ceramic hollow fiber membranes an attractive alternative to polymeric counterparts [4,5], and allows ceramic membranes to be used in a variety of applications including filtration for corrosive fluids [6], high temperature membrane reactors [7], solid oxide fuel cells [8,9] and membrane contactors [10] as well as supports for composite membranes [11] and catalysts. Ceramic hollow fiber membranes are commonly fabricated by the combination of an immersion-induced phase inversion method and sintering technique developed by Lee and Kim [12] and Li and co-workers [1].…”
“…Several reviews [2][3][4] on the different chemical methods for the preparation of high-quality inorganic powders are available. The solid-state reaction route and synthesis from liquid solutions, i.e., precipitation and solgel methods, are the most common.…”
Membrane technology is one of the most important aspects in separation processes. Hollow fibers are one of the emerging technologies that had a new growth spurt during the past decades. Ceramic membranes have outstanding stability at high temperatures (> 100°C), at extreme pH, and in fouling environments. In this article, recent progresses on ceramic hollow-fiber membranes are discussed. The characterizations of membranes, particularly by different methods, are reported. New ceramics, especially perovskites and composites of ceramics, and new techniques are introduced in making high performance hollow fibers. New applications of ceramic hollow fibers are also discussed in detail.
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