Solvent Acts as the Referee in a Match‐Up Between Charged and Preorganized Receptors

Abstract

The prevalence of cation‐anion contacts in biomolecular recognition under aqueous conditions suggests that ionic interactions should dominate the binding of anions in solvents across both high and low polarities. Investigations of this idea using titrations in low polarity solvents are impaired by interferences from ion pairing that prevent a clear picture of binding. To address this limitation and test the impact of ion‐ion interactions across multiple solvents, we quantified chloride binding to a cationic receptor after accounting for ion pairing. In these studies, we created a chelate receptor using aryl‐triazole CH donors and a quinolinium that directs its cationic methyl inside the binding pocket. In low‐polarity dichloromethane, the 1:1 complex (log K1:1 ~ 7.3) is more stable than neutral chelates, but fortuitously comparable to a preorganized macrocycle (log K1:1 ~ 6.9). Polar acetonitrile and DMSO diminish stabilities of the charged receptor (log K1:1 ~3.7 and 1.9) but surprisingly 100‐fold more than the macrocycle. While both receptors lose stability by dielectric screening of electrostatic stability, the cationic receptor also pays additional costs of organization. Even though the charged and disorganized receptor has stronger binding in apolar solvents, the organized but uncharged receptor has more anion affinity in polar solvents.