Fluorescence
of 2-(N,N-dimethylamino)-6-propionylnaphthalene
dyes Badan and Prodan is quenched by tryptophan in Brij 58 micelles
as well as in two cytochrome P450 proteins (CYP102, CYP119) with Badan
covalently attached to a cysteine residue. Formation of nonemissive
complexes between a dye molecule and tryptophan accounts for about
76% of the fluorescence intensity quenching in micelles, the rest
is due to diffusive encounters. In the absence of tryptophan, fluorescence
of Badan-labeled cytochromes decays with triexponential kinetics characterized
by lifetimes of about 100 ps, 700–800 ps, and 3 ns. Site mutation
of a histidine residue in the vicinity of the Badan label by tryptophan
results in shortening of all three decay lifetimes. The relative amplitude
of the fastest component increases at the expense of the two slower
ones. The average quenching rate constants are 4.5 × 108 s–1 (CYP102) and 3.7 × 108 s–1 (CYP119), at 288 K. Cyclic voltammetry of Prodan
in MeCN shows a reversible reduction peak at −1.85 V vs NHE
that becomes chemically irreversible and shifts positively upon addition
of water. A quasireversible reduction at −0.88 V was observed
in an aqueous buffer (pH 7.3). The excited-state reduction potential
of Prodan (and Badan) is estimated to vary from about +0.6 V (vs NHE)
in polar aprotic media (MeCN) to approximately +1.6 V in water. Tryptophan
quenching of Badan/Prodan fluorescence in CYPs and Brij 58 micelles
is exergonic by ≤0.5 V and involves tryptophan oxidation by
excited Badan/Prodan, coupled with a fast reaction between the reduced
dye and water. Photoreduction is a new quenching mechanism for 2-(N,N-dimethylamino)-6-propionylnaphthalene
dyes that are often used as solvatochromic polarity probes, FRET donors
and acceptors, as well as reporters of solvation dynamics.