Solutions of Critical Raw Materials Issues Regarding Iron-Based Alloys

Novák, Pavel; Belezze, Tiziano; Cabibbo, Marcello; Gamsjäger, Ernst; Wießner, Manfred; Rajnović, Dragan; Jaworska, L.; Hanus, Pavel; Shishkin, Andrei; Goel, Gaurav; Goel, Saurav

doi:10.3390/ma14040899

Cited by 9 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 124 publications

(170 reference statements)

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“…The excellent combination of the physical, chemical, and mechanical properties of 316LSS is attributed to its chemistry, consisting of a high percentage of Cr (16-18.5%) and Ni (10-14%), as well as some Mo (2-3%) added to this mix. Considering the recent listing of Cr as a critical raw material (CRM) [1], as well as the high cost of these alloying elements, the sustainable manufacturing of 316LSS has sparked high research interest in recent additive technologies [2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. Luckily, due to the low carbon content (<0.03% maximum), 316LSS exhibits excellent weldability by fusion welding processes and is well-suited for the new paradigm of engineering with additive manufacturing (AM) strategies [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Benchmarking of 316L Stainless Steel Manufactured by a Hybrid Additive/Subtractive Technology

Sarafan

Wanjara

Gholipour

et al. 2022

JMMP

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This research study investigated the hybrid processing of 316L stainless steel using laser powder bed (LPB) processing with high-speed machining in the same build envelope. Benchmarking at four laser powers (160 W, 240 W, 320 W, and 380 W) was undertaken by building additively with machining passes integrated sequentially after every ten deposited layers, followed by the final finishing of select surfaces. The final geometry was inspected against the computer-aided design (CAD) model and showed deviations smaller than 280 µm for the as-built and machined surfaces, which demonstrate the good efficacy of hybrid processing for the net-shape manufacturing of stainless steel products. The arithmetic average roughness values for the printed surfaces, Ra (linear) and Sa (surface), were 11.4 um and 14.9 um, respectively. On the other hand, the vertical and horizontal machined surfaces had considerably lower roughness, with Ra and Sa values ranging between 0.33 µm and 0.70 µm. The 160 W coupon contained layered, interconnected lack of fusion defects which affected the density (7.84 g·cm−3), yield strength (494 MPa), ultimate tensile strength (604 MPa), Young’s modulus (175 GPa), and elongation at break (17.3%). By contrast, at higher laser powers, near-full density was obtained for the 240 W (7.96 g·cm−3), 320 W (7.94 g·cm−3), and 380 W (7.92 g·cm−3) conditions. This, combined with the isolated nature of the small pores, led to the tensile properties surpassing the requirements stipulated in ASTM F3184—16 for 316L stainless steel.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Benchmarking of 316L Stainless Steel Manufactured by a Hybrid Additive/Subtractive Technology

Sarafan

Wanjara

Gholipour

et al. 2022

JMMP

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Similarly, Biermann et al reported that TiAlN and AlCrN coatings on micro-end mills showed resistance to wear. Additionally, they discovered that using an AlTiN-coated [16] micro end mill resulted in better surface quality when machining steel compared to other coating materials like TiAlN, CrN, AlCrN, TiN, and AlTiN. Recent studies focusing on tool wear and coating optimization consistently indicate that choosing coating materials like TiAlN and AlCrN [17] can significantly enhance the cutting performance of turning tool inserts.…”

Section: Previous Studies On Coating Materials For Turning Tool Insertsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimizing machining efficiency: a comprehensive study on PVD cathodic arc evaporation coated turning tool inserts with TiAlN/AlCrN multilayer coatings

et al. 2024

Mater. Res. Express

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The effectiveness of turning processes in manufacturing depends on the efficiency of cutting tool inserts. Coating these inserts is one common method that has been used to prolong their life span, reduce friction and increase wear resistance. The main purpose of the present study was to enhance the efficiency of turning tool inserts by exploring different combinations of coating substances such as TiAlN, AlCrN, and TiAlN/AlCrN. Cutting speed, feed rate, cutting depth and type of coating material were important input parameters for optimization. It was observed that tools with coatings like TiAIN and AlCrN had higher performance than those with single-layered ones. The use of multilayer coated inserts comprising TiAlN/AlCrN increased the hardness but reduced the wear thereby enhancing machining effectiveness. For Taguchi Grey Relation Analysis (GRA) optimization technique with L27 array for hardness and flank wear output parameters aimed at enhancement of input process parameters in turning operations. The coatings’ crystalline structure, phase composition and other crucial details for their performance were analyzed using Energy Dispersive (EDS) Spectroscopy and Scanning Electron (SEM) Microscopy techniques. The TiAlN/AlCrN coatings showed greater machinability than those with only TiAlN or AlCrN, even at high spindle speeds. The best processes were identified using the Taguchi and Grey relational optimization techniques. Some of these parameters include a speed of 600 m/min, a feed rate of 0.10 mm/rev, a depth of 1.5 mm, and a TiAlN/AlCrN coating. This meant that the hardness was at 3772 HV while flank wear is 6.45 mm for optimum parameters among others obtained from experiments. Various relationships can be displayed using contour plots which are usually visual representation between several factors in an experiment such as hardness and wear resistance which is shown by multilayer coating compared to single-layer coatings.

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“…In the case of tool operation, it is crucial that the matrix have high retention properties to ensure sufficient retention of the diamond particles to prevent them from falling out, pressing in or turning during cutting [26]. This condition guarantees the appropriate exposing of new diamond particles out of the worn tool, with new, sharp cutting edges.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Combined Effect of CrB<sub>2</sub> Micropowder and VN Nanopowder on the Strength and Wear Re-sistance of Fe‒Cu–Ni–Sn Matrix Diamond Composites

Ratov¹,

Мечник²,

Rucki³

et al. 2023

Adv. Sci. Technol. Res. J.

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The paper presents research results on the enhancement of diamond composites designed for tools application for mining industry, hard rocks cutting, able to withstand harsh conditions under heavy dynamical loads. In the present study, both CrB 2 micropowder and VN nanopowder additives were used in proportions up to 5 wt.% and 6 wt.%, respectively, together with the basic matrix composition of 51 wt.% Fe, 32 wt.% Cu, 9 wt.% Ni, and 8 wt.% Sn. Addition of both components, CrB 2 and VN, appeared to be advantageous in proportion of 2 wt.% and 4 wt.%, respectively. This composition exhibited the highest relative density of 0.9968, better than that without additives. Similarly, the highest values of compressive strength R cm and flexural strength R bm were reached for the composite with the same percentage of CrB 2 and VN. Compared to the composite with no addition of CrB 2 and VN, R cm improved by almost 70%, while R bm by 81%. Additionally, the abovementioned additives enhanced the ability of the matrix to prevent the diamond reinforcement from being torn out of the composite, which is very important under harsh working conditions of the cutting tools. The presence of CrB 2 micropowder and VN nanopowder promoted densification of the matrix and adhesion between the diamond grits and the Fe-Cu-Ni-Sn matrix.

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Solutions of Critical Raw Materials Issues Regarding Iron-Based Alloys

Cited by 9 publications

References 124 publications

Benchmarking of 316L Stainless Steel Manufactured by a Hybrid Additive/Subtractive Technology

Benchmarking of 316L Stainless Steel Manufactured by a Hybrid Additive/Subtractive Technology

Optimizing machining efficiency: a comprehensive study on PVD cathodic arc evaporation coated turning tool inserts with TiAlN/AlCrN multilayer coatings

Combined Effect of CrB<sub>2</sub> Micropowder and VN Nanopowder on the Strength and Wear Re-sistance of Fe‒Cu–Ni–Sn Matrix Diamond Composites

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