“…The resulting HHIEA establishes a more effective and flexible architecture that facilitates the exchange of information between multiple HIS sources and provides a comprehensive and integrated view on healthcare data. HHIEA combines: data warehouse (Prokosch & Ganslandt, 2009;Bauer & Günzel, 2013), SOA (Rosen, 2008;Ryan & Eklund, 2008), grid computing (Dickmann et al, 2012;Foster, 2002), and the publish/subscribe paradigm (Eugster et al, 2003;Singh, Vargas, Bacon, & Moody, 2008). The proposed HHIEA, as shown in Figure 7, is presented in five logical groups in separately labeled subsections, namely: the Data Layer where all of the data suppliers and data consumers are logically part of this group; ID Management that is utilized to both identify and differentiate patients and organizations participating in the HIE; HIE Management that is composed of tasks related to the maintenance of medical record references; Security that contains components that are related to the management of audit trails, patient consents, and participant authentication; and, a Health Service Bus that is responsible for ensuring the precise passing messages between the HIS sources.…”