“…Despite being the leading competitor for next-generation photovoltaic devices, perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have stability problems that limit their commercial potential . The p-type kesterite semiconductors (CZTSSe, CZTS, and CZTSe) are the extensively studied promising light absorbers for thin film solar cell applications and have a record efficiency of up to 13.6%. ,− Besides its low toxicity, low cost, and naturally abundant elements, CZTSSe has a high optical absorption coefficient (larger than 10 4 cm –1 ), all of which are properties appropriate for thin film photovoltaic applications . Kesterites also have unique optical properties, such as a tunable energy bandgap between 1.0 and 1.5 eV, making them a strong candidate for photovoltaic technologies. , Moreover, kesterites are stable and reliable in long-term wet and hot atmosphere. , The levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) of PV systems is determined mainly by the PV module reliability.…”