“…Among these, particulate matter (PM) derived from smog, transportation, construction dust, fossil combustion, and emissions are considered major threats that can easily penetrate human organs, causing headaches, cancers, and even death [3][4][5][6]. Escherichia coli, a water-borne pathogenic bacterium, is one of the most common pathogens recognized worldwide, posing a severe risk to human health, especially in underdeveloped and developing countries [7][8][9][10][11][12]. Thus, it is necessary to find effective and practical solutions to prevent the intrusion of PMs and E. coli into the human body.…”