“…The solution of inverse radiative transfer problems has been obtained by using different methodologies, namely deterministic, stochastic and hybrid methods. As examples of techniques developed for dealing with inverse radiative transfer problems, the following methods can be cited: LevenbergMarquardt method (Silva Neto and Moura Neto, 2005); Simulated Annealing (Silva Neto and Soeiro, 2002;Souza et al, 2007); Genetic Algorithms (Silva Neto and Soeiro, 2002;Souza et al, 2007); Artificial Neural Networks (Soeiro et al, 2004); Simulated Annealing and Levenberg-Marquard (Silva Neto and Soeiro, 2006); Ant Colony Optimization (Souto et al, 2005); Particle Swarm Optimization (Becceneri et al, 2006); Generalized Extremal Optimization (Souza et al, 2007); Interior Points Method (Silva ; Particle Collision Algorithm (Knupp et al, 2007); Artificial Neural Networks and Monte Carlo Method (Chalhoub et al, 2007b); Epidemic Genetic Algorithm and the Generalized Extremal Optimization Algorithm (Cuco et al, 2009); Generalized Extremal Optimization and Simulated Annealing Algorithm (Galski et al, 2009); Hybrid Approach with Artificial Neural Networks, Levenberg-Marquardt and Simulated Annealing Methods (Lugon, Silva Neto and Santana, 2009;Lugon and Silva Neto, 2010), Differential Evolution (Lobato et al, 2008;Lobato et al, 2009), Differential Evolution and Simulated Annealing Methods (Lobato et al, 2010). In this chapter we first describe three problems of heat and mass transfer, followed by the formulation of the inverse problems, the description of the solution of the inverse problems with Simulated Annealing and its hybridization with other methods, and some test case results.…”