Solute Transport and Transformation in an Intermittent, Headwater Mountain Stream with Diurnal Discharge Fluctuations

Ward, Adam S.; Kurz, Marie J.; Schmadel, N. M.; Knapp, Julia L. A.; Blaen, Phillip J.; Harman, C. J.; Drummond, Jennifer; Hannah, David M.; Krause, Stefan; Li, Angang; Martı́, Eugènia; Milner, Alexander M.; Miller, Melinda; Neil, Kerry; Plont, Stephen; Packman, Aaron I.; Wisnoski, Nathan I.; Wondzell, Steven M.; Zarnetske, Jay P.

doi:10.3390/w11112208

Cited by 12 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 118 publications

(155 reference statements)

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“…This Special Issue consists of 20 original research papers . The majority of the contributions [3,5,[8][9][10][11][15][16][17][19][20][21][22][23] focus on the interactions between rivers or streams and groundwater. Three studies [6,13,14] investigate the interactions between lakes and groundwater, while two studies [4,18] deal with the exchange between groundwater and oceanic water.…”

Section: Overview Of the Special Issue Contributionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While most studies presented in this Special Issue focus on the investigation of exchange fluxes across groundwater-surface water interfaces, there are a few that focus additionally on biogeochemical processes at the interface. Ward et al [20] used the resazurin-resorufin reactive tracer system to study aerobic microbial transformation at sediment-water interfaces and found that the resazurin-to-resorufin transformation rate was highest in youngest storage locations (i.e., that increasing residence times do not necessarily increase the reaction potential of solutes). Wolke et al [21] systematically studied the impact of bed form movements on oxygen dynamics in the hyporheic zone.…”

Section: Hyporheic Zone Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Groundwater–Surface Water Interactions: Recent Advances and Interdisciplinary Challenges

Lewandowski

Meinikmann

Krause

2020

Water

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The interactions of groundwater with surface waters such as streams, lakes, wetlands, or oceans are relevant for a wide range of reasons—for example, drinking water resources may rely on hydrologic fluxes between groundwater and surface water. However, nutrients and pollutants can also be transported across the interface and experience transformation, enrichment, or retention along the flow paths and cause impacts on the interconnected receptor systems. To maintain drinking water resources and ecosystem health, a mechanistic understanding of the underlying processes controlling the spatial patterns and temporal dynamics of groundwater–surface water interactions is crucial. This Special Issue provides an overview of current research advances and innovative approaches in the broad field of groundwater–surface water interactions. The 20 research articles and 1 communication of this Special Issue cover a wide range of thematic scopes, scales, and experimental and modelling methods across different disciplines (hydrology, aquatic ecology, biogeochemistry, environmental pollution) collaborating in research on groundwater–surface water interactions. The collection of research papers in this Special Issue also allows the identification of current knowledge gaps and reveals the challenges in establishing standardized measurement, observation, and assessment approaches. With regards to its relevance for environmental and water management and protection, the impact of groundwater–surface water interactions is still not fully understood and is often underestimated, which is not only due to a lack of awareness but also a lack of knowledge and experience regarding appropriate measurement and analysis approaches. This lack of knowledge exchange from research into management practice suggests that more efforts are needed to disseminate scientific results and methods to practitioners and policy makers.

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Section: Overview Of the Special Issue Contributionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Hyporheic Zone Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Groundwater–Surface Water Interactions: Recent Advances and Interdisciplinary Challenges

Lewandowski

Meinikmann

Krause

2020

Water

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“…Thus, the rate of Raz-Rru transformation represents an integrated measure of (near-instantaneous) whole-system aerobic ER. The Raz-Rru system has been used broadly to assess the reactivity of stream reaches and to identify the portion of transient storage that is metabolically active (Argerich et al 2011, González-Pinzón et al 2012, Blaen et al 2018, Ward et al 2019. Second, we calculated nitrate and TDP retention downstream of the WWTP inputs at sub-daily timescales based on longitudinal declines in concentration (Martí et al 2004).…”

Section: Experimental Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To determine transfer functions for the sub-reaches between fluorometers, we used the nonparametric deconvolution approach described in Cirpka et al (2007), and the associated MATLAB ® code (The MathWorks ® , Natick, Massachusetts), to analyze injection input signal and conservative tracer BTCs. To characterize and compare this transport and storage behavior between study reaches, we calculated a series of transport and transient storage metrics for each sub-reach transfer function, following the equations in Ward et al (2016Ward et al ( , 2019 and Schmadel et al (2016). Metrics included the 1 st temporal moment (M 1 , h), representing the mean travel time; the 2 nd central temporal moment (m 2 , h 2 ), representing the temporal variance or symmetrical spread-ing; the 3 rd central temporal moment (m 3 , h 3 ), representing the temporal extent of late-time tailing; the coefficient of variation (CV), representing symmetrical spreading relative to travel time; skewness (ɣ), representing asymmetrical latetime tailing; and apparent dispersion (D app , m 2 /h).…”

Section: Stream Solute Tracer Injectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contrasting Raz–Rru stream metabolism and nutrient uptake downstream of urban wastewater effluent sites

2021

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Understanding how key stream ecosystem functions respond to wastewater treatment plant effluent is critical for assessing the ability of stream ecosystems to ameliorate anthropogenic nutrient loading and to effectively manage and restore impacted systems. We evaluated instream metabolism, reactive solute transport, and nutrient uptake along two 1.5 to 2-km-long reaches of a 2 nd -order stream in the urbanized suburbs of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA, each directly downstream of a wastewater treatment plant outfall. We compared metabolism based on resazurin-resorufin (Raz-Rru) with nutrient uptake and dissolved oxygen (DO) metabolism calculations. Plateau co-injections of the Raz-Rru metabolic tracer system and fluorescein provided integrated stream metabolism measurement. We sampled tracer concentrations hourly along longitudinal profiles and recorded them continuously, along with DO, at 2 discrete locations. The smaller reach 1, characterized by higher nutrient concentrations and canopy cover, had higher short-term transient storage and Raz uptake velocity. In contrast reach 2, with lower nutrient concentrations and less canopy cover, had higher nitrate and phosphorus uptake along with higher rates of gross primary productivity (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (ER). Temporal analysis indicated nitrate uptake increased over the afternoon at reach 2, whereas Raz uptake declined at both reaches. Our results suggest that nutrient uptake and GPP are sensitive to excessive nutrient concentrations and light in our system. In contrast, lower light and higher transient storage are likely driving larger, reach-scale spatial differences in Raz-based ER. Increasing nitrate uptake at reach 2, which lags behind diel DO concentrations, is likely the result of assimilatory N uptake coupled to GPP moderated by nitrification and denitrification, whereas decreasing rates of Raz transformation are likely related to diel variation in heterotrophic uptake. Our ability to resolve sub-daily changes in ER illustrates one of the key advantages of the Raz-Rru tracer system. However, our results also show the need for further investigation into the drivers of sub-daily ecosystem metabolism in streams as well as the mechanistic differences between DO-and Raz-based estimates of ER. Contrasting results from different measures of metabolic activity between reaches and over time highlight the complexity of metabolic processes in high-nutrient systems.

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“…For example, mapping the spatial distribution of hydrologic behaviors aids in quantifying the temporal stability of soil water storage (Lee and Kim, 2019) and water transit time distributions (Harman, 2015). These are both key factors that complicate hillslope modeling studies (Kirchner, 2016;Guio Blanco et al, 2018) and efforts to quantify chemical export from the CZ (Ward et al, 2019). Furthermore, different hydrologic behaviors may map to important ecosystem control points (Bernhardt et al, 2017)-areas that support continuously or periodically high rates of biogeochemical cycling (Darrouzet-Nardi and Bowman, 2011;Knowles et al, 2015;Chen et al, 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

From Patch to Catchment: A Statistical Framework to Identify and Map Soil Moisture Patterns Across Complex Alpine Terrain

et al. 2020

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Climate warming in alpine regions is changing patterns of water storage, a primary control on alpine plant ecology, biogeochemistry, and water supplies to lower elevations. There is an outstanding need to determine how the interacting drivers of precipitation and the critical zone (CZ) dictate the spatial pattern and time evolution of soil water storage. In this study, we developed an analytical framework that combines intensive hydrologic measurements and extensive remotely-sensed observations with statistical modeling to identify areas with similar temporal trends in soil water storage within, and predict their relationships across, a 0.26 km2 alpine catchment in the Colorado Rocky Mountains, U.S.A. Repeat measurements of soil moisture were used to drive an unsupervised clustering algorithm, which identified six unique groups of locations ranging from predominantly dry to persistently very wet within the catchment. We then explored relationships between these hydrologic groups and multiple CZ-related indices, including snow depth, plant productivity, macro- (102->103 m) and microtopography (<100-102 m), and hydrological flow paths. Finally, we used a supervised machine learning random forest algorithm to map each of the six hydrologic groups across the catchment based on distributed CZ properties and evaluated their aggregate relationships at the catchment scale. Our analysis indicated that ~40–50% of the catchment is hydrologically connected to the stream channel, lending insight into the portions of the catchment that likely dominate stream water and solute fluxes. This research expands our understanding of patch-to-catchment-scale physical controls on hydrologic and biogeochemical processes, as well as their relationships across space and time, which will inform predictive models aimed at determining future changes to alpine ecosystems.

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Solute Transport and Transformation in an Intermittent, Headwater Mountain Stream with Diurnal Discharge Fluctuations

Cited by 12 publications

References 118 publications

Groundwater–Surface Water Interactions: Recent Advances and Interdisciplinary Challenges

Groundwater–Surface Water Interactions: Recent Advances and Interdisciplinary Challenges

Contrasting Raz–Rru stream metabolism and nutrient uptake downstream of urban wastewater effluent sites

From Patch to Catchment: A Statistical Framework to Identify and Map Soil Moisture Patterns Across Complex Alpine Terrain

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