Solute redistribution in the nanocrystalline structure formed in bearing steels

Kang, Jee-Hyun; Hosseinkhani, B.; Williams, Ceri A.; Moody, Michael P.; Bagot, P.A.J.; Rivera-Dı́az-del-Castillo, P.E.J.

doi:10.1016/j.scriptamat.2013.07.017

Cited by 64 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…As for the characterisation of DERs, studies [22,23] on white etching areas have shown atom probe tomography (APT) to be a powerful tool to reveal carbon redistribution in rolling contact fatigued bearing steels. Therefore, APT is also performed on DER ferrite specimens.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Strain-induced martensite decay in bearing steels under rolling contact fatigue: Modelling and atomic-scale characterisation

Song

Galindo-Nava

et al. 2017

Acta Materialia

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a b s t r a c tMartensite decay in bearing steels manifested as dark etching regions (DERs) under rolling contact fatigue (RCF) is modelled. The proposed model is established based on a dislocation-assisted carbon migration mechanism. The proposed model is capable of predicting the progress of DER formation and the corresponding mechanical property evolution with increasing number of cycles, in good agreement with the experimental data reported throughout seventy years. The effects of RCF testing conditions on DER formation are studied and a useful tool, DER% maps, is developed for illustrating the temperature, contact pressure and number of cycles for DER occurrence. Moreover, an atom probe tomography study is carried out, revealing the nature of DER ferrite and obtaining strong evidence supporting the postulated DER formation mechanism. The successful application of the dislocation assisted carbon migration mechanism to DER formation provides a plausible explanation to the phenomenon of martensite decay under rolling contact fatigue.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Strain-induced martensite decay in bearing steels under rolling contact fatigue: Modelling and atomic-scale characterisation

Song

Galindo-Nava

et al. 2017

Acta Materialia

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“…WEA was largely observed under the contact pressure of 2.5-5.6 GPa [17,18]. However, in some cases where WEA is formed at a low contact pressure of 1-2 GPa, sliding has to be introduced.…”

Section: Contact Pressure Threshold For Wea Formationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phase transformation in white etching area in rolling contact fatigue

et al. 2018

MATEC Web Conf.

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Abstract. Rolling contact fatigue (RCF) involves microstructural change in the subsurface of contact. The changed microstructure is generally termed as white etching area (WEA) as it appears white under optical microscope when etching in nital solution. WEA has been acknowledged as one of the primary failure modes in RCF since it causes severe local inhomogeneity of microstructure. It was reported that WEA consists of nano ferrites as martensite grains and carbides are significantly refined in the WEA. Some carbides are dissolved. In some cases, an amorphous-like structure was occasionally observed in the WEA, indicating that phase transformation may possibly occur. The WEAs were studied by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Electron back scattered diffraction (EBSD). The result showed that WEA is dominated with an amorphous phase with martensite, austenite and carbides embedded interior. A distinct interface between the matrix and the WEA was present. In addition to grain refinement down to nanometers, phase transformation including amorphization and austenitization happened in WEAs. The content of austenite was increased from 2% in the matrix to 20% in the WEA. The analysis showed that phase transformation is controlled by plastic deformation mechanism.

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“…The results showed that microstructural alterations occur in the matrix when bearing steel is subjected to rolling contact fatigue (RCF) loading. 1 One type of such alterations is commonly referred to as "butterfly wings" and is associated with crack initiation in the vicinity of inclusions. A large number of literature indicate the strong correlation between stress concentrations and material degradation, and successfully predicted the shape and location of butterfly wings.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Following the EIM, an inhomogeneity is replaced by an inclusion, as a convenient stepping stone, by assigning an equivalent eigenstrain distribution that enables the EIM to result in a stress field identical to that of the original problem. The consistency condition of the EIM is enforced in each element, and the corresponding equation is shown as equation (1). The left-and right-hand sides of the equation are the total elastic stresses inside the original inhomogeneity and the equivalent inclusion, respectively.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Numerical methods for solving the equivalent inclusion equation in semi-analytical models

Yan

Zhang

Jiang

2021

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J:

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Equivalent inclusion method is the basis for semi-analytical models in tackling inhomogeneity problems. Equivalent eigenstrains are obtained by solving the consistency equation system of the equivalent inclusion method and then stress disturbances caused by inhomogeneities are determined. The equivalent inclusion method equation system can only be solved numerically, but the current fixed-point iteration method may not be able to achieve deep convergence when the Young's modulus of inhomogeneity is lower than that of the matrix material. The most significant innovation of this paper is to reveal the non-convergence mechanism of the current method. Considering the limitation, the Jacobian-free Newton Krylov algorithm is selected to solve the equivalent inclusion method equation. Results indicate that the new algorithm has significant advantages of computing accuracy and efficiency compared with the classic method.

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Solute redistribution in the nanocrystalline structure formed in bearing steels

Cited by 64 publications

References 18 publications

Strain-induced martensite decay in bearing steels under rolling contact fatigue: Modelling and atomic-scale characterisation

Strain-induced martensite decay in bearing steels under rolling contact fatigue: Modelling and atomic-scale characterisation

Phase transformation in white etching area in rolling contact fatigue

Numerical methods for solving the equivalent inclusion equation in semi-analytical models

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