Solute polarization during planar freezing of aqueous salt solutions

Freeze-induced shrinkage of individual cells and cell-to-cell propagation of intracellular ice in cell chains from salivary glands

“…Shrinkage continued ~n : the c~lis ~e:re ~ncapsUlal/ed by ~ extraceliuiar ice. Pre-ice-front shrinkage was probably caused by the accumulation of solutes which build up ahead of an advancing planar ice front [8]. When the cell strand was in a horizontal position, as in figure 3, the last cell of this strand (consisting of seven cells) began to shrink when the planar ice front was still 100 pm away from the first cell.…”

“…Pre-ice-front shrinkage was presumably caused by solute redistribution ahead of an advancing ice front. The spatial distribution of ~uch salt profiles has been extensively analysed [8]. Though we cannot correctly calculate how much of the total freeze-induced shrinkage is contributed by pre-ice-front shrinkage, it appears to be a substantial fraction.…”

Foundations of modeling in cryobiology—I: Concentration, Gibbs energy, and chemical potential relationships

“…[59] for a review, and Toner et al [118] and Karlsson et al [47] for intracellular applications). In fact, Körber et al [59][60][61]123] among others have demonstrated that there is solute polarization at the advancing ice front that will affect the local concentration at the cell membrane, in turn affecting the cellular state, and Levin et al demonstrate that there is an effect of intracellular solute polarization in erythrocytes at high enough cooling rates [77].…”

“…If solutes are excluded from ice, then at the local solution/ice interface, the melting point is depressed further than in the bulk media. This has the effect of slowing the ice-front, making the impingement of ice towards the cell dependent on extracellular solute transport, governed by the advection-diffusion equation examined both experimentally and theoretically in general systems [21,33,53,[59][60][61]94], and theoretically [43] and experimentally [40] in the case of the cellular response to an advancing ice front. These quantities will also be affected by local temperature effects such as the heat of fusion at the solution/ice interface, generating extracellular thermal gradients that are rarely accounted for, at least in Mazur's model and other models consisting of only ordinary differential equations (such as [107,121]).…”

Sharp interface Cartesian grid method III: Solidification of pure materials and binary solutions

“…C 0 ¼ c 0 T m H SL T S is a capillary length. The values of the constants b 0 to b 4 are given in the results section for the particular solution (NaCl-H 2 O) chosen here for the numerical calculations (corresponding to data in [54]). Note that the interfacial tension has a directional dependency, which reflects crystalline anisotropy [15,28].…”